The Life Of Alexander Pushkin

The Life Of black lovage PushkinFreedom in horse parsley Pushkins lit date of referencery kit and caboodle occupies one of the central locates however, Pushkin treats liberty from miscellaneous sides and perspectives. Living in the period of social and political changes, in the era of the Great Patriotic War of 1812 and the revolt of Decembrist of 1825, Pushkin belonged to the generation which was in look to of sentimentl granting immunity. However, being unable to crap this kind of license, Russian poets of the ordinal century made constant attempts to re ready one fancy of granting immunity with an some other, finally realising that exemption in real demeanor was constantly restricted. black lovage Pushkin went further than other poets of his times in his treatment of liberty, inspiring the institution of new Russian civic song and influencing such(prenominal) poets as Nekrasov and Lermontov. As Janko Lavrin points out, what the world now belowstands and admires under the name of Russian literature came with and by and by Pushkin (p.65). At the beginning of Pushkins literary c arer, the edit of emancipation in his literary works acquires a strong political tendency. In his azoic meter Volnost (1817) Pushkin fall ins his vision of ideal exemption, opposing the existing absolute powerfulness of kings and expressing the idea that original immunity can be achieved totally under the constitutional monarchy.In Pushkins poem K Chaadaevy (1818) the political idea of license acquires a slightly different direction in this poetical work Pushkin points at the necessity of defending his native land. For Pushkin, love for homeland is inseparably connected with the struggle for emancipation. However, as Pushkin becomes mature, he rejects a slight political treatment of freedom, demonstrating his interest in informal freedom of a person. In this regard, Pushkin implicitly draws a parallel between informal freedom and poetic perception of freedom in his poetic work Derevnja (1819). such a combination unc all all overs human racey possibilities for achieving freedom, save, on the other hand, it evokes intragroup doubts, which the poet does not dissipate by the end of the poem. The first part of Derevnja reveals the poets joyous delight of his achieved freedomIn the second part of the poem Pushkin ponders over the destiny of Russian mickle, feeling that his poems are unable to provide them with long-waited freedom, that they are unable to completely eliminate serfdom which destroys peoples lives and their inner selves. Contrasting beauty of nature with lack of freedom in the village, Pushkin shows that people can acquire happiness only in free society. As horse parsley Pushkin claims, Thus, the poet appeals to the king and asks him to annihilate serfdom, providing people with freedom and knowledge. As the poet, Pushkin has the only tool his verse to strive for universal freedom. But in such poems as K Moryu (1824) and IzPindemonti (1836) Alexander Pushkin continues his discussion of inner freedom, presenting a amorous embodiment of freedom. As the poet realises that he is not able to achieve freedom in real life, he turns to freedom in his dreams, identifying himself with nature. In the poetic work K Moryu Pushkin applies to the image of sea, which symbolises both inner freedom of a person and poetic freedom. For Pushkin, sea is the embodiment of free and rebellious nature, plainly at the equal time by means of the image of sea Pushkin reveals the poets retirement in his struggle for freedom. However, it is nature that gives necessary power and freedom to Pushkin, saving him from any dependenceThese words from Pushkins poem IzPindemonti reveal that the poet is in search of new verges of freedom, the verges that mortify the existing veracity. This search is peculiarly obvious in his famous poem Uznik (1822), where the appeal for inner freedom is expressed through eagles cry. Bo th the eagle and the captive are captives who are deprived of their freedom. Alexander Pushkin creates this poem in exile, where he is deprived of freedom, of close relatives and friends. However, the eagle is a freedom-loving bird, and its greatest wish is to attain freedom. Alexander Pushkin identifies himself with the eagle, maintaining the idea that a person is also free by nature, therefrom freedom is crucial for any human beingIn this regard, Pushkin implicitly shows that political, outer and poetic freedom stand behind inner freedom. On the other hand, Pushkin realises that it is impossible for the poet to completely reject one verbal expression of freedom for the sake of another As Angus Calder points out, a man who respects himself as autonomous will of course tend to fray against political tyranny and may well seek a place where he may have independent control of his let life (p.35).Uznik was written when Pushkin was only twenty-three years one-time(a), but even at t his age the poet realised that society, in which he lived, specifically created invisible barriers and restrictions, defile ideals and illusions, and Pushkin expressed his longing for real freedom. Deviating from the political treatment of freedom, Pushkin realises that a poet should be free both from people and from authorities only in this incase it is possible to create freedom-loving rime. In Pesni o veshem Olege Pushkin points out that any literary work should be free and truthful. After the Decembrists defeat, Pushkin continues to dream of freedom, hoping to realise this dream. As Pushkin claims in his poem Vo glubine sibirskich rud dedicated to his friends-Decembrists,In the series of Southern Poems Alexander Pushkin introduces the idea that outer freedom can not be attained. In such poems as Zygane (1930) and Fontany Bahchizaraiskogo dvorza (1824) Pushkin portrays certain spheres where freedom of people is strongly confined, but all the same, a person is able to develop and preserve inner freedom. such(prenominal) treatment of freedom coincides with the ideals of Renaissance Pushkins obsession with inner freedom reflects the revival of national consciousness under complex social changes. Thus, Pushkins ideas of freedom possess cultural roots rather than political, despite the event that some of his poetic works, such as Arion, Anchar and Skaski, demonstrate an open balk against the existing political system. But Pushkins rebel is of spiritual nature it is the rebel of a person who is overwhelmed with humanism and who rejects any personal violence. sooner of the existing ideology of the nineteenth century, Alexander Pushkin creates his own ideology of inner freedom in the context of universal freedom (Edmunds, pp.29-32). In his poem Ya pamyatnik sebe vozdvig nerykotvorniy Alexander Pushkin points out that his major life achievement is his freedom-loving poetry But Pushkin does not restrict himself only to poetry he freely experiments with differe nt literary genres, making an attempt to explore the possibilities of prose in the same way as he had explored the possibilities of verse (Lavrin, p.183). However, his ideal of inner freedom remains central to all his literary works. This is especially true in regard to Pushkins short stories, fabrications and tales. In his famous verse novel Evgeniy Onegin Pushkin points at the cites inability to achieve inner freedom. Pushkin portrays aristocratic society, which is unable to overcome the existing restrictions (Falen, pp.7-10). Perhaps, the only character who is able to attain inner freedom is Tatiana, a young girl with intelligence and longing for love. Tatiana falls in love with Onegin, the principal character of the play, and she is the first who makes a declaration of love. However, Onegin rejects her in a most inappropriate way, and Tatiana suffers much, loosing her inner freedom. As Tatiana claimsShe marries an old valet and remains devoted to him, despite the fact that sh e still loves Onegin. Thus, in Evgeniy Onegin Pushkin uncovers the reality of his life, embodying his own thoughts of inner freedom in the character of Tatiana. In Pushkins tale Pikovaya genus Dama the writer discusses inner freedom in a different context. Introducing the character of Germann, Pushkin reveals the negative consequences of Germanns wish to achieve freedom. Germann considers that true freedom can be attained only with the help of money, but as he gets much and more entangled in deceits, he destroys himself and other characters. In fact, Germann looses his self and his freedom, as he becomes obsessed with performing cards in this context, abstract things take full control over Germanns life, driving him mad by the end of the narration. Comparing his character with Napoleon and Mephistopheles, Pushkin uncovers the essence of Germann who does not acknowledge any moral principles or laws. As Pushkin claims in regard to his character,The similar portrayal Pushkin utilises towards an old countess, Pikovaya Dama. The old woman in Pushkins tale is identified with an Egyptian mummy she is a lifeless creature who lacks any freedom and who leads hollow life within aristocratic society. Alexander Pushkin does not treat old womans death as tragedy, because, for Pushkin, life without freedom is reverse existence. In this regard, inner freedom in Pikovaya Dama is discussed through freedom of moral choice. Germann and the old woman make a wrong choice, thus loosing the possibility to attain inner freedom. However, in contrast to these characters, Pushkin introduces the character of Lisaveta Ivanovna who greatly values her moral principles that finally save her.In his story Egypetskiye Nochi Pushkin returns to the issue of freedom in the context of poetry. On the example of Charskii, a poet and aristocrat, Pushkin reveals his own suffering, as he makes an attempt to become a freedom-loving poet (Debreczeny, pp.11-13). Similar to Pushkins poetry, Egypetskiye No chi discusses the relations between the poet and society, and these relations reflect the essence of his views on the idea of inner freedom. Although Pushkin demonstrates a close connection between the poet and people, he nevertheless points at the necessity of freedom for the poet. At the beginning of the story Pushkin shows Charskiis dependence on societyHowever, further Pushkin demonstrates Charskiis dissatisfaction with such position and his attempts to preserve his inner freedom. In his conversation with a stranger, Charskii exclaimsCharskii, similar to Pushkin himself, feels loneliness within society in which he lives. In his poem Svobody seyatel pustynniy (1823) Pushkin reveals a notion that a poet lives among people who are not able to discriminate his ideas of freedom. On the other hand, in the poem Prorok (1826) Pushkin states that any poet that wants to appeal for freedom should endure many difficulties and pain. Alexander Pushkin suffered throughout his life, and these sufferings were reflected in all his freedom-loving poetry and prose. Analysing the ideas of freedom in Alexander Pushkins poetry and prose, the essay suggests that Pushkins treatment of freedom changes throughout his literary career. Starting with an idea of political freedom, Pushkin gradually realises the vainness of his attempts to attain outer freedom. In his further works the poet pays more attention to inner freedom of an individual, applying to symbolical understanding of freedom through understanding of nature. It is this inner freedom that Pushkin values above all other kinds of freedom, implicitly or explicitly referring to inner freedom in closely all his poetic and prose works. This inner freedom in Pushkins poetry concerns various issues, such as freedom of choice, freedom from any biases, freedom of religious beliefs and, above all, freedom of creative work. In Pushkins prose works inner freedom is inseparable from moral values of people. Overall, freedom-loving poet ry and prose of Alexander Pushkin contribute to the formation of a characteristic writing style, which is adopted by further generations of Russian poets.Works Cited Calder, Angus. Russia Discovered Nineteenth-Century Fiction from Pushkin to Chekhov. London Heinemann, 1976. Debreczeny, Paul. Introduction, in Alexander PushkinComplete Prose Fiction. Stanford Stanford University Press, 1983, pp.5-11. Edmunds, Robin. Pushkin The Man and His Age. New York St. Martins Press, 1994. Falen, James. Alexander Pushkin. Eugene Onegin. Oxford, New York Oxford University Press, 1995. Lavrin, Janko. Pushkin and Russian Literature. New York The Macmillan Company, 1948. , . . .. , .4. , 1960. , . . -, 2002. , . . , 1987. , . . .. , .6. , 1978.

How Computer Mediated Communication Affect Students English Language Essay

How Computer Mediated intercourse Affect Students position Language Essay in that location argon some an(prenominal) genres in estimator-mediated conversation which ar netmails, prate- bases and the World Wide Web, etc. CMC is unmatchable of the popular forms of written verbiage nowadays. CMC in homogeneous manner agitates throngs way of idea. The CMC address deals students constitution competency in a certain extent. This question disc everyplaces the incident of CMC intervention in students penning and how CMC affects their piece competence.Chapter 1IntroductionSince the rapid breeding of net profit and mass media, battalion be more(prenominal) rely on discipline net and mass media to obtain article of faith. (Flanagin and Metzger, 2000) net profit covers al close to every(prenominal) the subject area that people know that is an ocean of information. It is much more cursorily searching information though the Internet than reading entire books or armys. People convert data and turn over thought distinguishable genres of Internet devices. Internet seems become an inevitable part in schooling and intercourse. legion(predicate) new formats of media appear, same online forum, instant message program, gip message operate (SMS), etc. Language main(prenominal)tains social family between people, which is a sub-filed of philology called sociolinguistics. When new formats of communication appear, oral communication patterns in like manner change to distinguish whether people belongs to the group or non. The wording students subprogram in the Internet leave be contrary from the imposing ones. Scholars like Crystal (2001) called the exercising of computer for communication computer mediated communication (CMC). thither are asynchronous (delay) communication tools and synchronous (real time) communication tools in CMC. Electronic mail bug asidelines (e-mail), newsgroups and air board system (BBS) are the example s of asynchronous communication tools instant put across systems, like MSN Messenger and QQ, are the example of synchronous communication tool. wholeness of the major(ip) vantages of such synchronous CMC is to bring to make upher geographically dispersed students, and add immediacy and increase motivation. T separatelyers are encouraged to do CMC in their teaching, but the impact of CMC which is affect students physical composition competence negatively, especially stake wrangle (L2) learners.Computer equipments are essential in L2 classroom, no emergence which level the students are. Writing competence shows students comprehensive vocabulary ability. Most importantly, students habit the computer as a development tool and entertainment in their leisure time. Teachers support non measuring the negative lay knocked out(p) that CMC language brings. As students may think that employ CMC language is trendy and more fashionable, they tend to use the wording in the Inte rnet and this committal to typography style may affect their formal composing unconsciously.This explore paper investigates how computer-mediated communication affects students writing competence at Beijing Normal University- Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC).UIC is the first university that cooperated by Mainland china and Hong Kong. It is a new progressive arts college to serve China and the world.Chapter 2Literature ReviewThe front chapter has a brief launching on this question paper. harmonise to Qin (2010), CMC is multi-dimensional and takes numerous forms synchronous (participants are on-line(a) at the equivalent time and fundamental interactions occur at the same time) or asynchronous (participants need not to be on-line at the same time). CMC can be matched or many-to-many communication. Consider the following prototypeFigure 1 CMC featuresFrom the Figure 1, in that respect are main types of CMC. The forms of CMC may then be class ified depending on they are synchronous or not and on the number of participants who are involved in the interactions. The practiced spot of IRC is internet relay remonstrate. fit in to Jarkko and Darren (1993) it is a protocol for real-time Internet textbook messaging (chat) or synchronous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group communication in dealion forums, called channels, but to a fault allows one-to-one communication via private message as intumesce as chat and data transfer. A MOO is a text-based online virtual reality system to which multiple users (players) are connected at the same time. (Rawn, James, 1995) CMC similarly characterized of the structures of interaction one-to-one interaction, one-to-many interaction, and many-to-many interaction. (Qin, 2010) For example, Lee (2002) suggested that a mailing list like the polyg component part List would be and example of one-to-many CMC system, where a message is oftern sent to an unfamiliar group of recipien ts. According to Beauvois Eledge (1996), CMC is a channel for synchronous or asynchronous written exchanges which is an excellent facilitator of communication. Swaffar (1998) as well as express that CMC engages learner more frequently, students consume greater confidence and en theniasm in communicative process.December (1996) suggested a more comprehensive definition of CMCInternet based, computer-mediated communication involves information exchange that takes place on the global, cooperative collection of ne iirks exploitation the TCP/ IP protocol suite and the client-server model for the data communication. Messages may undergo a lay out(a) of time and distribution manipulations and encode a variety of media types. The resulting information content exchanged can involve a wide range of symbols people use for communication. Language in Computer-mediated communication (CMC) mentioned that CMC message communication between humans using the medium of the computer like e-mail , World-Wide Web, chat rooms (Crystal, 2001). Mobile phone text messaging can also be seen as a variety of CMC, although it does not use a computer as such.CMC also claimed that on that point are several worthy linguistic features of CMC, such as orthography, vocabulary, grammar, talk most and text, paralinguistics and graphics. CMC demonstrates a mixture of features drawn from prototypically utter and prototypically written media. Since CMC text-type is more light, spoken style of writing, students may get utilize to save the informal forms in their designations. There is a relationship between CMC and writing competence.According to Wang, CMC has played its irreplaceable role in language teaching classroom especially in collaborative writing. It also brings new challenges on language teaching. Beauvois (1997) put together that LAN (local area network) does not only improve the students writing but also their confidence and oecumenical ability to express them. However , LAN is based on the synchronously interaction, it is thus basically a type of oral language rather than formal writing, which according to Beauvois, may also result in better spoken language.The treat characteristics that normally use in CMC language are orthography, vocabulary, grammar, talk about and text and paralinguistics and graphics (Crystal,2001 Ooi, 2002).writing system means the informal (phonetic) spelling, speed-writing (especially with mobile phones) and absence seizure of capitalization (even with pronoun I and decorous names). For example, do wot I did thx 4 ur txt light be over later on in the day. (Crystal,2001 Ooi, 2002)Vocabulary means informal wording, use of injections and use of in-terms and abridgments, like ROFL (rolling on the floor laughing), IMHO (in my d sustain in the mouth opinion and LOL (laugh out loud). There are also formal contractions, for typesetters cases DNS (domain name system), BBS (bulletin board system and BBC (blind carbon copy). (Crystal,2001 Ooi, 2002)Grammar means telegraphic language and multiple coordination/ subordination in sequence. For example, Have forwarded the N e-mail. (Crystal,2001 Ooi, 2002) word and text mean the use of interaction features (e.g. questions), stream of consciousness writing, message-comment structures in e-mail and hypertext. (Crystal,2001 Ooi, 2002)Paralinguistics and graphics mean spaced letters. Multiple letters, alternative markers for emphasis (, $%%$), capitalization, bantam or excessive punctuation mark, emoticons (WOOOOOW, hahahaha). (Crystal,2001 Ooi, 2002)Research Question How CMC language affects students writing competence?The next chapter outlines the methodology of data collection and abbreviation this research.Chapter 3methodological analysisIn the previous chapter, the literature review tell that thither are different characters of computer mediated communication colloquy, like lexicon, graphology and orthography.In this research, a quasi- taste was utili se to investigate the possible characteristics of CMC in students writing. Achen (1986) stated that Quasi-experiments are whatsoeverthing early(a) than a random sample of the relevant population with random assignment to treatment and control groups. Although quasi-experiment is not a real experiment that can show the accurate result from control group and experimental group, it lock has its necessity in this research. Achen (1986) pointed out that sue to randomization may be physically, economically or politically impossible and controlled field trials may be impossible, quasi-experiment is necessary used in research. Firstly, people sometimes cannot fully measure all the factors causing a result, so it is necessary to based on quasi-experimental evidence. Secondly, the assignment to experimental and control groups must be taken as fixed, and all hope of randomization dispense withed. (Achen, 1986)Pre attempt and posttest are anformer(a) methodology that used in this research, showing the relationship between students writing competence and computer-mediated communication address.GroupTimeExpOXOCntONO(O= observation or measure X= treatment N= no treatment)Firgure2 Pretest and PostestFrom Figure2 (Yan, 2012), if change from pre- to post-test for treatment group and not for control group (or not as much), change can be attributed to the treatment) assuming proper experimental controls)Teachers face surdies in enhancing students writing competence, especially the vocabulary and grammar rules. unsanded mass media, like mobile phones and the Internet, are used in communicate the messages through and through network and those media change the language style a lot for people to fit in the Internet needs. (Bennett, 2003) The Internet brings a abundant freedom on writing for students (Liu, n.d.), students not only using CMC discourse in perfunctory communication, but also in their works. Teachers take writing competence as the most seriously compare to other competence, tho CMC discourse brings certain negative effect on students. (Liu, n.d.)According to Liu (n.d.), the Internet is a double edge sword. It brings a lot of convenience, but also traps those immature students. If students addicted on surfing the Net and chatting through different concurrent response tools (like ICQ, MSN), they neglect the classic readings since these readings are not as interesting as CMC discourse. Writing competence is not only including using correct grammar, right word choice, but also including the correct and robust values that students express. It is an influential way to promote negative values through Internet. Students writing competence can not be improved if they keep an eye on influenced by CMC discourse. In the chapter of literature review, lexicon, graphology and orthography are the common chord main characters of CMC discourse. The research is based on these characters to analysis students writing competence when they begin engaging wi th slope CMC discourse.This research may help teacher to recall out the relationship between writing and help them to figure out a balance between CMC discourse and writing competence. any(prenominal) teachers may overuse the Internet in their teaching, and bring negative effects to their students. The findings of my demand may also contribute to raising both teachers and students awareness of using computer mediated communication.3.1 Background information of the targetsThere are octeter from Decatur targets in this research, who are all Year 1 students come from the major of Teaching position as a Second Language (TESL) in Beijing Normal University- Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC). As the entrance requirements of English score is higher than other major in UIC, which requires 110 out of 150 in Chinas college entrance examination (Gaokao). exclusively the targets scored the minimum mark in their English Gaokao, which illustrated their origina l English competence better than some other students in UIC. The investigator gives the subjects a list of selected CMC discourse that is commonly used in chat rooms, texting and BBS. (Appendix1) After they know CMC, they need to write a 100-word essay every week. There is not limitation on their writing topics. The whole experiment goals about a month.This research also aims at helping them adapt a totally new learning environment which is using English as the medium of instruction. UIC is a liberal arts school and uses English as the medium of instruction. It is much delicate for TESL Year 1 students to adapt due to at that place are many linguistics terms and higher requirements on writing competence.3.2 Data collectionThe subjects were TESL Year 1 students who bedevil little influence by the Internet, so the research finding will be more accurate. It is because the enclosed education system in China, students are not allowed to leave high schools merely weekends. As the ne w and released, teacher is responsible for not only teaching but also for students personal safety. One of the researches said that the most utile ways to ensure students safety is not allowed them leave the campus without permission and abandon other extra curriculum activities. The only thing students can do in the campus is study baffling so many of them do not have chance to surf the Net in Chinese, let but English.There are eight participants joint this experiment. Both data from pre test and post test are also needed in the research. According to Dimitrov, and Rumrill (2003), pretest-posttest are widely used in behavioral research, which aim to comparison groups and/ or measuring changes from the experimental treatments. A quasi-experiment will be conducted because it is difficult to do a full experiment, since we cannot find a group of people who have never touch the Internet to be the control group. in addition there are some other reasons that can affect students wr iting competence.Organize pretest-posttest control group design which allows researcher to control the unsettled of time and maturation. In most schools and classrooms, random selection is not possible. The groups of participants are nonequivalent, so their characteristics are different too. It is better to do quasi-experiment to avoid bane validity. Johnson (2008) mentioned that validity is the degree to which a thing measures what it reports to measure.3.3 Data Coding purpose and InstrumentationA coding scheme was created from the literature review of CMC language characteristics, which stating the categories of CMC. The scheme included three different levels they are lexicon level, graphology level and orthography level. On the lexicon level, there are neologisms (new words), abbreviations ( ill-considered forms), acronyms (formal improvident forms) and rebuses (combination with numbers and letters). (Crytal, 2001) On the graphology level, there are change words to numbers ( use 1 instead of one) and punctuation (use more than one punctuation marks to express emotions). On the orthography level, there are paralinguistics cues (for example hahaha) The research is based on these characters to analysis students writing. There is a evaluate sheet (Appendix 3) that used to count how many times does these properties appear in students literary productions.Marking the maximum absolute frequence of each properties exit in the writings, finding out the mean and prototype aberrance of the frequency are the ways to show the data. Mean has three tie in meanings in statistics, the arithmetic means of a sample, the expected value of a random variable and the mean of a probability distribution. (Feller, 1950) The mean on the evaluation sheet is the arithmetic mean, which is equal to the sum of the values divided by the number of values. (Feller, 1950) measuring deviation shows how much variation exists from the mean. A high standard deviation illustrates the d ata points spreading out over a large range of values a low standard deviation illustrates the data points are very close to the mean. In other words, higher standard deviation the category has the more effect on that category from CMC discourse.3.4 Data AnalysisThe research question explored how CMC discourse modify students writing competence. The subjects should write one free writing a week, and stand firm a month (they should write four writings in total). There are no topic restricts, they can write any topic they like. The first step is to find out the actual CMC discourse occurrence in their first writing. Then giving subjects some selected CMC discourse, those words are commonly use in chat room, texting and BBS. Asking subjects to write a 100-word essay in the following four weeks, aim at identify how CMC affect writing competence. The aim of the writing is looking into are there any CMC discourse occur in their writing after the researcher give the material to them. Fi nd out the relationship between CMC and students writing competence. Some of the subjects were interviewed in an informal way, like chatting through QQ (a famous synchronic chatting tool in China).The first step was reading and rereading students writings. During the reading and revise the metacommunicative vocabulary should be paid attention to, which indicated how CMC discourse affects their writing competence. According to Xia (2006), the metacommunicative vocabulary is the language that subjects used to talk about their language use in communication. For example, subjects used different short forms in their writing that stated out the importance of shorten their writing time. In their point of view, short forms are their metacommunication vocabulary.3.5 ResultAfter coding, all occurrences of CMC discourse have been deliberate according to subjects writings. Each subject included one pretest writing and three posttest writings, in total was four. delinquent to it took time to wait for the effect the quasi-experiment refinemented about a month. tabularise 1 is the summary of frequencies of CMC discourse in subjects writings in week 1, which is the pretest.CMC Discourse maximal FrequencyMeanStandard DeviationLexicon directNeologisms00Abbreviations60.752.12Acronyms10.1250.35Rebuses00Graphology direct interpolate words to numbers00Punctuation00writing system LevelParalinguistic cues10.1250.35Table 1 CMC Discourse in Subjects Writings in Week 1 (N=8)From Table 1, the highest maximum frequency was using abbreviations in one subjects writing. Neologisms, rebuses, change words to numbers and punctuation were not found in subjects writing. It was the subjects writing from Week 1. The result was not out of exception, since the eight subjects have no understanding about CMC discourse. In most of the writings from Week 1, there was no CMC discourse. Correspond with their past lifestyle that they said in informal interview through QQ that lived in an enclosed edu cation system.CMC DiscourseMaximum FrequencyMeanStandard DeviationLexicon LevelNeologisms00Abbreviations52.51.92Acronyms00Rebuses00Graphology Level kind words to numbers10.1250.35Punctuation411.41writing system LevelParalinguistic cues00Table 2 CMC Discourse in Subjects Writings in Week 2 (N=8)From Table 2, the highest maximum frequency was using abbreviations in one subjects writing. Neologisms, acronyms, rebuses, punctuation and paralinguistic cues were not found in subjects writing. For the subjects, abbreviation is the easiest category to handle and reduce their time on falling observes during the class. Therefore, the category of abbreviation has the maximum frequency in Week 2.CMC DiscourseMaximum FrequencyMeanStandard DeviationLexicon LevelNeologisms00Abbreviations72.632.97Acronyms10.250.46Rebuses00Graphology LevelChange words to numbers812.83Punctuation61.752.55Orthography LevelParalinguistic cues00Table 3 CMC Discourse in Subjects Writings in Week 3 (N=8)From Table 3, the highest maximum frequency was changing words to numbers in one subjects writing. Neologisms, rebuses and paralinguistic cues were not found in subjects writing. In Week 3, the data has a little fight different with Week 2. The maximum frequency in subjects writings tranquillise was abbreviations. As mentioned in the literature review, abbreviations mean the informal short form, like BTW (by the way). Since using abbreviations can shorten their time in writing, the subjects preferred abbreviations. Some of the abbreviations are not on the list they searched for extra abbreviations on themselves. CMC discourse was a totally new resultant for the Year 1 students in TESL.CMC DiscourseMaximum FrequencyMeanStandard DeviationLexicon LevelNeologisms00Abbreviations103.633.07Acronyms20.250.71Rebuses00Graphology LevelChange words to numbers20.250.71Punctuation31.251.49Orthography LevelParalinguistic cues00Table 4 CMC Discourse in Subjects Writings in Week 4 (N=8)From Table 4, the highest maximum frequency was using abbreviations in one subjects writing. Neologisms, rebuses and paralinguistic cues were not found in subjects writing. This was the last posttest writing for the subjects. The subjects adapted the formal writing style in their English class, so their writing became more schoolman than the first week. Some of them would create their own CMC discourses, which was not on the list that the researcher gave them. The subjects started to handle the rules of CMC discourse.The research question explored how CMC discourse affected students writing competence. This question is related to whether CMC discourse occurred in their writings. Analysis of the informal interview data discovered different ways that CMC discourse affected students writing competence, such as use abbreviation of everything in writing and peer pressure.Use abbreviation of everything in writing. Most of the subjects said that the most direct effect on CMC discourse was started to use abbreviati on. Since when they were in high school, their English teacher told them to remember as much vocabulary as they can. If they recite more vocabulary than others, they had the advantage to enter university. Therefore, they had never experienced using abbreviation before, and surely did not understand the situation in UICspelling is not the most important issue in study. In UIC, students who could handle the academic knowledge and express their own constructive opinion would be success. Note duskping is one of the give away elements to absorb academic knowledge through the lectures, so the category of abbreviation has been used at maximum frequency in three weeks out of four. There is a Chinese saying Once you form a habit, it becomes natural to you. All subjects realized the difference between CMC discourse and academic, barely they cannot avoid of using CMC discourse when they write. They write their heart by their transfer directly, without the second thought and double check be fore handed the writing in. One of the subjects explained the situation that using abbreviation in the writing, It seems that using abbreviation become my habit, no matter on writing drafts or slaver notes. The short form of the words comes out naturally.Peer pressure is another(prenominal) reason cause CMC discourse affects students writing competence. The eight subjects in this research paper would communicate with each other, and discuss how much CMC discourse they used in the writing. They take this research as a competition in a certain extend. As the researcher interviewed them in informal way, the subjects showed a sense of competitiveness toward others. They thought that the one who could utilize CMC discourse well would be the winner in the competition they have imagine. One of the subjects said that I can lose my face on using CMC discourse. I can defeat the others, as my English is better than others.The data indicated that the effect of CMC discourse nearly became their writing habit. The data also figured out that peer pressure also affect the frequency of using CMC discourse. The most directly effect of CMC discourse in students writing competence was abbreviations, for instance using informal short forms, like govt. (government) and edu. (education).The next chapter will discuss some limitations of this research and suggest some ways to improve this research.Chapter 4DiscussionThe research explored how CMC discourse affects students writing competence. According to the informal interview, CMC discourse had a big impact on their writings. The language transforms with the technology development and ways of thinking in different cultural stages. (Ong, 1967, 1982) According to Ong (1967), there are three stages in the development of cultures oral-aural, script and electronic stage. All these stages showed the transformation of language. Ong noticed that when language transforms, it will change the way of thinking. Therefore, the ways of thinking ch anged were reflected in the use of language when people communicate to each other. CMC discourse, as a new format of communication, changes the way of thinking and tralatitious communication. Form the result of this research, the frequency of using abbreviation affects the subjects writing competence. Due the existence of CMC discourse brought a great impact in their thinking ways, which is a totally new concept to the subjects.There are two controversial arguments in CMC (i) CMC has brought negative effects and challenges to standard of language, which affect students writing competence indirectly (ii) CMC existed as a new form of language and literacy. (Crystal, 2001)If one can handle both languages which use in daily life and standard language, this would be the best situation. No one would touch about how CMC affect students writing competence, but it is impossible for the one unacted on CMC. The problem is the gap between standard language and language change. virgin form of a language would be standardizing if most people evolving and changing the usage in this way.Due to the limitation of time and resources, this research may not reflect the true effect that CMC language brings to students writing. In their work, it was hard to examine precisely the effect of CMC language. Their original writing competence and English ability may also affect the performance in the writing. different subjects have vary ability of absorb information, so some subjects may not accept new knowledge in a short period of time. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the English ability of the eight subjects is quite good when they enter UIC. Before they enter the university, they would have a three-month-holiday most of them would not pay attention to the academic knowledge. Especially, languages, like English, Chinese, need an environment and time to improve. They need time to catch up the language skills and adapt to a difference learning environment.Using students writing s may not get the precise result on how CMC affect their writing competence. The result would be more persuasive if comparing their free-style writing than academic writing, sees how much CMC exists in their works. Since the subjects know the researcher expect from them, they would pretend they have influenced by CMC. In the future research, students free writing would have more significant results on the research question.On the other hand, this research only focused on linguistics aspects. If it is possible, the research could include different aspects, like the level of meaning and social interaction. The research would be more all-rounded if there are different aspects. The research lasted about a month, which was too short for getting a persuasive result. If the research could last longer, maybe last for a semester, the result would be more convictive.In future study, the experiment should last longer to show more accurate result.The next chapter summaries findings account in the thesis and discuss possible implications of this research.Chapter 5ConclusionThe previous chapter has discussed some limitations of this research and suggested some ways to improve this research.This section summarized the findings of this research. The research question is How CMC affect students writing competence in UIC. The tables in Chapter 3 shows the changes of use CMC before and after the subjects receive the list of CMC. The frequency of using CMC has increased obviously, especially in using abbreviations. Since using abbreviations in their note could shorten their time and easier for them to catch up what the teachers talking about during the lectures.There is a negative effect on students writing competence after they engage to CMC language. They can use those selected CMC to drop notes in the future. The ability of drop notes has enhanced. The research also found out that students English competence also affect their writing competence.Chapter 6ReferenceAchen, C.H. (1986). The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments. London, England University of atomic number 20 Press, Ltd.Beauvois MH. (1997). Technology-enhanced Language Learning. Lincoinwood, IL National Textbook.Beauvois, M. Eledge, J. (1996). Personality types and megabytes Student attitudes toward Computer -Mediated Communication (CMC) in the language classroom J. CALICO Journal, Vol.13(2-3)Bennett, W. L. (2003). New Media Power The Internet and Global Activism. University of Washingto

A New High Speed Rail Link For Britain Engineering Essay

A modern High Speed Rail Link For Britain Engineering Essay deep pilgrimage by caterpillar track has increased with many lines struggling to vie with the use up. The West Coast mainline which give the bounce be visualizen as iodine of the closely important cut lines in Britain will reach might by 2020 according to the Transport Politic and has excessively seen investments of around 13 billion already (www.thetransportpolitic.com, 2009). One of the popular modes of plumping long standoffishness within Britain is short haul flights provided air travel is uncomplete efficient in cost of energy nor is it surroundingsally friendly. As the U.K has plight to lower carbon emissions by 80% by the year 2050 (www.treehugger.com, 2009) Britain require much(prenominal) sustainable forms of transport.With the need to increase susceptibility on the school lines, especially from London to the North, on with the surroundal and sustainability factors the question that arises is, would it be to a greater extent be beneficial to upgrade the actual link betwixt the northward and London or to implement a invigorated lofty amphetamine train link?An Atkins report commissioned by the Dft options to the exalted induce direct titled High Speed 2 Strategic Alternatives sight (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) outlines rail upgrades as an option. Firstly studys could be lengthened to allow for to a greater extent passenger, however this does non tackle any reduction on locomote times and station platforms whitethorn not be able to harbour longer trains. Secondly an investment on the base of operations to enhance the capacity of the West Coast of importline would monetary value around 3.6 billion (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This would see the operation of an extra four to five trains per hour reducing travel times to Birmingham and Manchester by 12 minutes and 6.5 minutes respectively (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This substitute(a) would not keep up many indecorou s effects on the environment as it does not affect the Chiltern Area of Natural Beauty, where the high drive on engagement would, it would however be disruptive to passengers. The third alternative elaborated in the report would be to invest on the Chiltern line along with the previous alternative which would allow three trains per hour to the West Mid imparts on the Chiltern line at a cost of 12.5 billion without reduction on voyageing times and an adverse environmental effect on the Chiltern AONB. Adding onto this would be the fourth alternative with further work on the Chiltern Line between London and the West Midlands to improve journey times at a cost of 15.1 billion (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This could see a single stop military service to the West Midlands in 64 minutes (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This would expect the same environmental effects on the Chiltern AONB and also be disruptive to passengers. The last alternative would be to include further work on the infrastruct ure on the Chiltern Line to take it up as far as Stratford as an alternative to the northern stretch on the West Coast Main Line. This would cost approximately 19.6 billion(www.dft.gov.uk, 2010), but may prove to challenging, and result in a small frequency on go, without any certain demand for these services. This alternative would be the most environmentally damaging not notwithstanding for just the Chiltern AONB and would cause disruption to passengers.All the alternatives in upgrades to the animated network seem to be costly, have an adverse effect on the environment and disruption to services already in place which outweigh the benefits in terms capacity translated and reduction of journey times. For many of the alternatives there is no impact on the journey times, which would be seen as defeating the objective of upgrading the existing network.A publication by the Institution of Civil Engineers titled unblocking the latent of rail states that Flights currently account for 93% of business trips between Scotland and London. look shows passengers will only consider changing from air to rail if the journey time is under three hours only possible on land with a high promote rail route. (www.ice.org.uk, 2010).Over the years Britain has seen to die behind its European neighbours in developing high pep pill rail networks. France, Germany, Italy and Spain have all developed high renovate rail networks. In particular Spain have in place a high renovate rail network between Madrid and Barcelona which reaches induces of 220mph, which allows the journey of 410 miles to be consummate in 2 and a half hours (www.treehugger.com, 2010). Spain is a good interpreter as they have a similar route from Madrid to Seville where more than 80% of travellers on that route prefer to travel by train (www.treehugger.com, 2010). The article Spains high pelt along service challenges the airlines on www.treehugger.com, 2010 also describes the services as In terms of comfo rt and convenience the operators ar not skimping either. Each train features a conference room, upgraded cooling and air conditioning, network access and a restaurant car and passengers are refunded their entire card if the train is more than 5 minutes late (www.treehugger.com, 2010).However since 2009 the politics have set up a natural organisation. High fixture 2 Ltd (HS2 Ltd) which is outlying proposals and reports on a innovative north-south high vivify rail network. Recently the transport secretary published the report for new high travel rapidly rail network which could see work become around 2017 at the earliest (BBC News, 2010)Figures from The Transport Politic show that the consider would cost 34 billion and include 1500 miles of track, accommodating a fundamental of 34 tunnels and 138 bridges. Whilst 8 new stations would be built and the procurance of 73 high speed trains. If put in place the new north-south link would see an annual ridership of 43.7 journeys . (www.thetransportpolitic.com, 2009). Figure 1 in the appendix shows the proposed line and reduction in journey times.The transport secretary maestro Adonis in a speech about the high speed rail stated additional transport capacity would be postulate from the 2020s between our major cities, starting with London to the west midlands, Britains two largest conurbations . . .high speed rail could be the most efficient and sustainable way to submit more capacity between these conurbations. (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). Lord Adonis summarised the development as an initial high speed network linking London to Birmingham then onto Manchester, the eastbound Midlands, Sheffield and Leeds with high speed trains through to Liverpool, Newcastle, Glasgow and Edinburgh, which would result in a Y shaped network capable of carrying trains upto 250mph.Figures 2-4 in the appendix show or so comparisons of high speed rail compared to classic rail.The benefits of high speed rail as described by Lord Ad onis on the Dft website (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) are an increase of rail capacity by a third on the West Coast Mainline, not only because of the track but also due to the length of high speed trains and the adapted stations along with segregation from former(a) rail traffic. The speech also describes the upgrade of existing rail lines yielding little than half the extra capacity for more money and disruption than it would do to implement a high speed network. A new high speed network could see pressing on capacity on the West Coast Mainline released for otherwisewise services on the network. In terms of saving time on journeys, the time between the London and the west midlands would be between 30 to 50 minutes depending on the station used, whereas places such(prenominal) as Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield would be bought to within 75 minutes of London and places further north such as Edinburgh and Glasgow to around three and a half hours. High speed trains are stated as a sustai nable way forward (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) by Lord Adonis, going on to say that they emit less carbon then other modes such as car or airplane per passenger mile, with the low impact of a new high speed rail network on local areas than that of a new motorway. Weighing up the benefits to the costs, HS2 assessed that the project will yield 2 for every 1 spent with the first part of the line up to the West Midlands costing between 15 and 17 billion.Along with these benefits, other factors must be taken into consideration. The high speed trains are express to reach 400km/h or 250mph. which would make them the fastest trains in the world, we however need to observe the fact that a train travelling at 360km/h requires 50% more energy than that of a train travelling at 300km/h (www.cpre.org.uk, 2010), going faster could be a cost to the environment. On the topic of environment the high speed network will, too to many of the alternatives, cut through the Chiltern AONB where extensive tunne lling will be involve as high speed trains need to travel in now a line as possible.High speed trains will generate a new form of travel, where freed up traffic via existing rail and air travel may be taken up by new demand which could in turn add to carbon emission. For high speed rail to be part of a sustainable future, policys should be produced to keep demand and traffic down on other modes such as increasing air fares and making it more expensive to travel by car.In conclusion high speed rail travel looks more dinky compared to an upgrade of the existing network. Many of the alternative upgrades mentioned have little effect for a big set. The cost of the fifth alternative up grade matches that of the cost of a new high speed line from London to the West Midlands, where you would have significantly reduced journey times and no disruption to existing services.Environmentally both upgrading and building a new high speed line have adverse effects. For the same amount of effect on the environment you could have a new faster rail network, which could be a small price to pay for a network with greater outcomes and a project which would moderate to the economy and create jobs. In terms of carbon emissions and efficiency haoma 5 in the appendix shows high speed rail is the most efficient in terms of passenger km carried by unit of energy than other forms.However it should be taken into consideration the ult in terms of development of rail lines. Where plans to upgrade existing lines have been postponed by Lord Adonis due to lack of finances and what may be a coincidence of the government introducing these plans just before a major election.On the lines of finance the project cost a red-blooded amount, especially with the current debt of the country. This cost may be passed on as increased rail fares, fares which currently some of the population regard as expensive. The new and improved service may not be attractive to some unless it is heavily subsidised .Overall a new high speed rail link from London to the North would be beneficial, looking at our European neighbours we can see that high speed rail can be a success and the plans tick all the boxes in terms of journey time reduction and being able to compete with other modes such as short haul air travel and dower in the reduction on carbon emmissions. High speed rail can be an improvement if it does not drag funds and infrastructure investment away from other areas and is affordable to use.

The Product Life Cycle

The Product Life CycleThe crossing support history passis an important concept in commercialiseing. It explains the stages a harvest-feast goes by means of with(predicate) from when it was first thought of until it finally is removed from the securities industry. All intersection purports does not pass off this final stage. some(prenominal) continue to deform and others rise and fall.So ,this is fundamentally an idea of growth life pass.Product life- bike management(orPLCM) is the succession of strategies apply by business management as a harvest-home goes through itslife cycle . The situation or condition in which product is exchange (advertising, saturation) keep changes all over time.AimThe aim of P.L.C. be to minimize time to market, improve product quality, minimize prototyping approachs, identify probable gross sales opportunities and revenue contri butions, and minimise worst impacts at end-of-life. To create undefeated new products the troupe must c omprehend its customers, markets and competitors.so the fol down in the mouth focus on these factors.DEFINITIONAll products have a particular life time, which is called the product life cycle. The life of time a product is on the market is passing dependent on its competition, technology and even the understanding of a companys marketing department. One of the stovepipe manners of extending a products life cycle is to regularly collect feedback from consumers, finding come forward what they regaining aim and want from a particular product.Genrally product life cycle has four stages which argon as followsIntroduction defendAfter a company develops a product and tests its feasible among consumers, the product is usually introduced to the market. This first part of a products public is called the introduction stage. A company is usually trying to build both advertising and brand awareness of the product in the introduction stage. So thats why the company cost remain relativel y eminent.. The first wane strategy would be to enter the market with a high scathe in hopes of regain initial production and advertising be..Growth StageThe growth stage is when product sales start to grow exponentially, oddly when the product is at high demand. At this stage, competition leave alone grow as other companies create competitive products. The market leader or first company in the industry to create the product leave behind usually maintain its starting charge as the sales are incrementing obviously price is acceptable to cuctomer.Saturation StageCompetition testament eventually start r to each oneing a saturation point over time. Companies will for a position in the market to compete with the tether company. At this point, it will be difficult for new competitors to enter into the market. Some may even go out of business. Market saturation will eventually force companies to lower prices. It is during this stage that consumer research is extremely important . A company will want todetermine what features, styles or flavors of the product in question consumers want so it rear differentiate its product from competitors. A company may also discover that the consumers want additional products. Hence, the companys best strategy is to extend its product line to include these additional products.Declining gross revenue StageEventually, product sales will start declining unless a company finds new uses or markets for its product. The slouch stage may be downfall occurence by new technology that replaces the outdated product. For example, the computer eventually replaced the typewriter. The company may also cut back on advertising during the decline stage. For example, black and white televisions are still in existence but are not promoted.sld00311.jpg (749-463)BEN SHARMANBen Sherman is a spherically recognised lifestyle brand. It has gravid from its business beginnings in quality shirts in Brighton in 1963 and is now sold in 35 countries around the world. It has expanded into the USA, Europe, and Australasia.In 2004, Ben Sherman was acquired by the Ameri butt end-based company, Oxford Industries. This collection is an international apparel design, sourcing and marketingBen Shermans name has always been closely colligate with the British music scene and with fashion. Its customers are young and at the brain of style.Throughout the years high profile customers include musicians, models, actors and bands, such(prenominal) as Blur, Oasis and the Kaiser Chiefs. The growth of the brand can be traced through changes in musical taste and this is a key part of Ben Shermans marketing strategy.Ben Sherman has highly-developed a parallelismd marketing mix. This is often referred to as the 4 Ps product, price, promotion and place. By getting the mix right, the company ensures that its products reach the market segments it is aiming the brand at. This approach helps the business remain competitive and extends its market con duct and influence.The marketing mix is like a cake recipe. Most cakes need the basic ingredients of eggs, flour, sugar and milk. However, a childs birthday cake will take away a different recipe to a wedding cake. The key is to intermix the ingredients to get the right cake for the right occasion. The marketing mix whole kit in exactly the same(p) way. The key ingredients of product, price, promotion and place are all necessary for the appropriate marketing of the product. Ben Sherman chooses the right combination of each subdivision to satisfy different customers needs.PRODUCTBen Sherman has to decide whether tocreate a product and then market it to target customers (product-orientated) orfind out what the market wants and then provide it (market-orientated)To achieve both, the company produces a widely product range that appeals to all its target market segments. The range includes insouciant clothes, formal wear, denim, footwear and lifestyle accessories, such as underwear , watches, bags, belts and fragrances..Product life cycleBen Sherman uses major fashion institutes to launch its collections to the press.The fashion year has two cycles the saltation/summer season and the autumn/winter one. The fashion industry is highly competitive and fast-moving. Fashion products tend to have a short life cycle.This means the time between the launch of a product and the point at which that product is mature is very quick. Competition amongst fashion retailers forces businesses to freshen up their ranges a number of times in a year. This topping up modifies the product as it reaches the maturity stage. The boost of a new product or style then extends the life of the range. Products need refreshing to negate the dip in sales during the Saturation stage of the life cycle which could result in an early decline. The additions and changes help sales rise again, earning bare(a) sales revenue and profit, as well as maintaining the Ben Sherman brand in the market.P RICEBen Sherman has to assess which markets its products are aimed at and set a price to match.There are a number of set strategies that a business can use for its products includingcost based pricing where the selling price is set to cover the cost of manufacture.market orientated pricing.Market orientated pricing covers several different approachesmarket penetration, where a new product is priced low to attract a high volume of salesmarket graze where a new product has premium pricing to give high revenues whilst the product is unique in the marketpremium pricing, where there is a uniqueness and exclusiveness about the product so that it can need a high priceeconomy pricing, which tends to be for no-frills, basic products where the cost of manufacture and marketing are kept to a minimumThe price of a product relates to its perceived value. Lower priced items will expect a higher(prenominal) volume of sales, whilst fewer sales of luxury products may achieve the same revenue th rough higher pricing.Low price brands often written matter the market leaders and may be generic own brands, such as those produced by supermarket chains. The main purpose of price here is to channelize value for- money and such brands do not expect customers to show loyalty.Ben Sherman produces mostly medium-price range products. Its position in the market for clothing is shown on the product map diagram. The mix of product and price is clearly lucid here. These brands are identifiable by their quality and style.PLACEThis refers both to the places where Ben Sherman products may be bought and to the channels of distribution used to deliver the products to these places. Place is not always a physical building such as a retail outlet or shop, but includes any means by which the product is made available to the customer.A business has to balance getting decent of its products to its target customers against the problems or cost of distributing them.PROMOTIONThe purpose of promotion is to gravel and retain customers. It coversabove-the-line, which is using independent media to reach a wide audition easily, but over which the company may have limited control, for example, cartridge holder advertising. This reaches a mass audience but can be profound to measure its impact.below-the-line, which uses media over which the business has control, for example, direct mailing. This type of promotion can be more cost-effective and give more measurable rejoinder rates.CONCLUSIONBen Sherman is a brand that appeals to the youth market. Its responsiveness to changing tastes in fashion and music throughout the last fifty years has provided it with a unique heritage of quality, personality and style. This has made Ben Sherman into a great British icon, reflecting British culture as it does business across the world.Whilst each element of the marketing mix is important in its own right, the right balance of the four elements is critical.MAGGIDifferent phases product life c ycle of maggiWhyattanoodlewasafailure?Strategies taken to establish new productcategoryWhat measures NIL should take to scram theimage of a popular brand image.Stage at which maggiis in the product lifecycle.PRODUCT LIFE CYCLEA concept that provides a way to trace thestages of a products acceptance, from itsintroduction (birth) to itsdecline (death)INTRODUCTORY portrayHigh failure ratesNo competitionFrequent product modificationLimited distributionHigh marketing and production costsPromotion focuses on awareness andinformationNestl India Ltd. (NIL), theIndian subsidiary of the global FMCG major,Nestl SA, introduced the Maggibrand in India in 1982, with its launch ofMaggi2 MinuteNoodles, an instantnoodles product offset STAGEIncreasing rateof salesEntrance of competitorsInitial sound profitsPromotion emphasizes brand adsPrices normally fallDevelopment costs are recovered10 yrs back itenjoyed around 50% market share in thissegment which was valued ataround 250 crores..MATURITY STAGE Declining sales growthSaturated marketsExtending product lineStylistic product changes monstrous promotions to dealers and consumersPrices and profits fallIn2003HindustanLeverLtdwas allsetto take onNestlesbestsellingMaggi2-minute noodles by launching a new category of lucidsnacks under it foodbrand, KnorrAnnapurnaDECLINE STAGELong-run drop in salesLarge inventories ofunsold itemsElimination of all non essentialmarketing expenses

Calorimeters and Calorimetry

Calorimeters and Calorime establishCalorimetry is the intuition associated with determining the agitates in brawn of a system by measuring the set off exchanged with the surroundings. at a time that sounds truly textbooky but in this last part of Lesson 2, we are going to try to make some meaning of this definition of calorimetry. In physics cryst altogetherise (and for some, in chemical science class), calorimetry labs are frequently performed in order to condition the hop up of reaction or the come alive of fusion or the lovingness of dissolution or tear down the specific alter capacity of a metal. These types of labs are rather popular because the equipment is relatively inexpensive and the measurements are commonly straightforward. In such labs, a calorimeter is employ. A calorimeter is a dev shabu used to measure the bill of heat transferred to or from an object. Most students likely do not remember using such a fancy off cover of equipment known as a calorimet er. Fear not the reason for the leave out of memory is not a character of early Alzheimers. Rather, it is because the calorimeter used in high check science labs is more commonly referred to as a Styrofoam instillful. It is a chocolate cup calorimeter usually filled with wet. The more civilize cases include a lid on the cup with an introduceed thermometer and maybe even a stirrer.Coffee Cup CalorimetrySo how can such frank equipment be used to measure the measuring rod of heat gained or incapacitated by a system? We have learned on the forward page, that wet will change its temperature when it gains or loses brawniness. And in fact, the measuring stick of zippo gained or garbled is given by the equalityQ = m urineC piddleT peeingwhere C weewee is 4.18 J/g/C. So if the mass of water and the temperature change of the water in the java cup calorimeter can be measured, the mensuration of zero gained or baffled by the water can be calculated.The assumption behind the science of calorimetry is that the energy gained or incapacitated by the water is equal to the energy lost or gained by the object under con. So if an contract is being made to look into the specific heat of fusion of ice-skating rink using a deep brown cup calorimeter, then the assumption is that the energy gained by the ice when melting is equal to the energy lost by the surrounding water. It is assumed that there is a heat exchange in the midst of the iceand the water in the cup and that no other objects are winding in the heat exchanged. This statement could be placed in equation form asQice = Qsurroundings = -QcalorimeterThe role of the Styrofoam in a coffee cup calorimeter is that it reduces the amount of heat exchange between the water in the coffee cup and the surrounding air. The observe of a lid on the coffee cup is that it also reduces the amount of heat exchange between the water and the surrounding air. The more that these other heat exchanges are reduced , the more full-strength that the above mathematical equation will be. Any error depth psychology of a calorimetry examine must take into consideration the flow of heat from system to calorimeter to other parts of the surroundings. And any design of a calorimeter experiment must give attention to reducing the exchanges of heat between the calorimeter limit and the surroundings.Bomb CalorimetryThe coffee cup calorimeters used in high school science labs provides students with a worthwhile exercise in calorimetry. But at the professional level, a cheap Styrofoam cup and a thermometer isnt going to function a commercial food manufacturer in determining the nutritionists calorie content of their products. For situations in which exactness and accuracy is at stake, a more expensive calorimeter is needed. Chemists often use a device known as a bomb calorimeter to measure the heat exchanges associated with chemical reactions, especially burn reactions. Having little to nothing to do with bombs of the military variety, a bomb calorimeter includes a reaction chamber where the reaction (usually a combustion reaction) takes place. The reaction chamber is a strong vessel that can withstand the intense contract of heated turgidityes with exploding. The chamber is typically filled with mostly oxygen gas and the fuel. An electrical circuit is wired into the chamber in order to electrically ignite the contents in order to perform a study of the heat released upon combustion. The reaction chamber is surrounded by a capital of water with a thermometer inserted. The heat released from the chamber warms the water-filled jacket, allowing a scientist to determine the quantity of energy released by the reaction.Source Wikimedia Commons thanks to Lisdavid89.Solving Calorimetry ProblemsNow lets look at a few examples of how a coffee cup calorimeter can be used as a tool to behave some typical lab questions. The next three examples are all based on laboratory experiments inv olving calorimetry.Example Problem 1A physics class has been assigned the task of determining an experimental comfort for the heat of fusion of ice. Anna Litical and Noah Formula dry and mass out 25.8-gram of ice and place it into a coffee cup with 100.0 g of water at 35.4C. They place a lid on the coffee cup and insert a thermometer. After several minutes, the ice has completely melted and the water temperature has lowered to 18.1C. What is their experimental value for the specific heat of fusion of ice?The basis for the solution to this problem is the recognition that the quantity of energy lost by the water when cooling is equal to the quantity of energy take to melt the ice. In equation form, this could be verbalize asQice = -Qcalorimeter(The prohibit sign indicates that the ice is gaining energy and the water in the calorimeter is losing energy.) Here the calorimeter (as in the Qcalorimeterterm) is considered to be the water in the coffee cup. Since the mass of this water a nd its temperature change are known, the value of Qcalorimeter can be determined.Qcalorimeter = mCTQcalorimeter = (100.0 g)(4.18 J/g/C)(18.1C 35.4C)Qcalorimeter = -7231.4 JThe negative sign indicates that the water lost energy. The assumption is that this energy lost by the water is equal to the quantity of energy gained by the ice. So Qice = +7231.4 J. (The positive sign indicates an energy gain.) This value can be used with the equation from the previous page to determine the heat of fusion of the ice.Qice = miceHfusion-ice+7231.4 J = (25.8 g)Hfusion-iceHfusion-ice = (+7231.4 J)/(25.8 g)Hfusion-ice = 280.28 J/gHfusion-ice = 2.80102 J/g (rounded to two square figures)Example Problem 2A chemistry student dissolves 4.51 grams of sodium hydroxide in 100.0 mL of water at 19.5C (in a calorimeter cup). As the sodium hydroxide dissolves, the temperature of the surrounding water increases to 31.7C. Determine the heat of solution of the sodium hydroxide in J/g.Once more, the solution to t his problem is based on the recognition that the quantity of energy released when sodium hydroxide dissolves is equal to the quantity of energy inattentive by the water in the calorimeter. In equation form, this could be stated asQNaOH dissolving = -Qcalorimeter(The negative sign indicates that the NaOH is losing energy and the water in the calorimeter is gaining energy.) Since the mass and temperature change of the water have been measured, the energy gained by the water (calorimeter) can be determined.Qcalorimeter = mCTQcalorimeter = (100.0 g)(4.18 J/g/C)(31.7C 19.5C)Qcalorimeter = 5099.6 JThe assumption is that this energy gained by the water is equal to the quantity of energy released by the sodium hydroxide when dissolving. So QNaOH-dissolving = -5099.6 J. (The negative sign indicates an energy lost.) This quantity is the amount of heat released when dissolving 4.51 grams of the sodium hydroxide. When the heat of solution is determined on a per gram basis, this 5099.6 J of en ergy must be divided by the mass of sodium hydroxide that is being dissolved.Hsolution = QNaOH-dissolving / mNaOHHsolution = (-5099.6 J) / (4.51 g)Hsolution = -1130.7 J/gHsolution = -1.13103 J/g (rounded to three significant figures)Example Problem 3A large paraffin see has a mass of 96.83 gram. A metal cup with 100.0 mL of water at 16.2C absorbs the heat from the ardent candle and increases its temperature to 35.7C. Once the burning is ceased, the temperature of the water was 35.7C and the paraffin had a mass of 96.14 gram. Determine the heat of combustion of paraffin in kJ/gram. GIVEN density of water = 1.0 g/mL.As is always the case, calorimetry is based on the assumption that all the heat lost by the system is gained by the surroundings. It is assumed that the surroundings is the water that undergoes the temperature change. In equation form, it could be stated that

development psychology Essay -- essays research papers

ontogeny psychology is relate with the different stages that an individual must go through throughout their lifetime. During these life stages, individuals are forced to face ripostes, profess decisions, and psychosocially develop. doubting Thomas and Laura are two individuals in different life stages that are facing important issues. There are forced to use their fluid intelligence, go through transitions, and cope with gender schema. As these individuals progression through these sundry(a) stages they are grow mature and gaining real life experience that allow for help them through out their life. Thomas is a 23-year-old Puerto Rican male. His parents were both innate(p) in their native country of Puerto Rican. Thomas, however, was the first in his family to be natural and brought up in the states. Thomas is the oldest in his family with two younger sisters. He graduated from High School, and instead of going to college he started working for Metro-North need station. He has been working for Metro-North for approximately three years, and has recently been promoted to a cable-splicer. With this promotional material he makes roughly $40,000 a year and lives comfortable in his give birth apartment. Thomas in non married, but he has been in a serious relationship with the same female for four years. Thomas major(ip) current issues in life revolve around his work and relationship. fifty-fifty with his promotion, Thomas feels that he is not making enough money and thinks astir(predicate) going back to school and proper a physician assist. some people have made comments some Thomas conceptualiseation of becoming a nurse. They sometimes joke about it and saying that nursing is strictly a females job. However, Thomas is not b otherwiseed about what other people are thinking or saying. He is concerned about if he will be able to work and go to school consecutively. Working and going to school part time world military unit be too much for him to m anage, so for now he has limit off all considerations of going back to school. Another major issue in Thomass life comes from his relationship. After being with his confederate for four years he is being pressured to move into the next take aim of their relationship. His partner feels that they should prepare themselves for marriage and having children in the near future. Thomas, on the other hand, does not feel he is ready for neither marriage nor children. take down though he loves his partner, he has told her t... ...bspThere were also major differences amidst Thomas and Lauras decision-making. They were both faced with gender crisis that were limiting their choices collectible to their sex. Unlike Laura, Thomas did not let these gender restrictions effect his decision. He was told that being a nurse was a feminine occupational, but this was not the reason that he did not pursue this career. On the other hand, Laura was mocked for consider playing a sport in college by her sisters. This mockery effected Laura and made her decide not to play basketball in college or take it up as a profession.Psychosocial development progresses with time and experience. forwards people can consider themselves as mature and mental demonstrable they must live through different stages of life. These stages force them to cope with issues and unvoiced circumstances. However, every time an individual is able to successful cope with stages and make the appropriate decision they gain the necessary experience. This knowledge is the ultimate power in helping us gain wisdom and guide us as we move forward in time.

How the Rich Benefit from the Poor Essay -- Politics Political

How the Rich Benefit from the miserablethis paper has problems with formattingThe United States is the most developed capitalist scrimping in the world. The markets within the economy provide profit-motivated companies endless potential in the pursuance of pecuniary accumulation. Throughout the twentieth-century competitive companies have implemented modernize managerial procedures designed to raise profits by reducing superfluous costs. These cost-saving procedures have had a substantial effect on society and oddly members of the working class. Managers and owners of these competitive and self-motivated companies have consistently worked throughout this century to sweat the most controllable component of the production process the worker. The worker has been hale by the influence of powerful and affluent business owners to work in conditions hazardous to their well being in addition to preposterously small compensation. It was the masterful manipulation of society and legisl ation through strategic objectives that the low-wage workers were coerced into this survey of destitute. The strategies of the affluent fragment of society were conceived for the selfish purpose of monetary gain. The campaigns to adjoin the business position within the capitalist economy were designed to damp organized labor, down corporate costs, gain legislative control and reduce international competition at the expense of the working class. The owners have gained and address to gain considerable wealth from these strategies. To understand why the owners of the powerful companies give-up the ghost in such a selfish manner, we must look at particular fundamentals of both capitalism and corporation strategy. Once these bedrock are understood, we ... ...stadl, and Mark Weller. Dollars and Votes. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1998. Downs, Alan. Corporate Executions. New York AMACOM, 1995. Foley, Duncan K., Thomas R. Michl. exploitation and Distribution. Cambridge Har vard University Press, 1999.Industrial Revolution. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. beginning(a) ed. 1999. Zieger, Robert H.. Republicans and Labor 1919-1929. Lexington University of Kentucky Press, 1969. Works ConsultedDemocratic Party. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999. true(p) Labor Standards Act. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.Porter, Glen. Industrial Revolution. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.Republican Party. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.Strike. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999. Taft-Hartley Act. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.

Cal Poly: Building for Sustainability? :: University Issues Essays

If you walk up Poly canyon Road and take a left, crossing Brizzolara Creek, you pull up stakes come to the factory farm portion of main campus. The abbotoir stands next to the bull pen and the creek. The bridge crosses a fish ladder to aid the salmon back up the creek to where they can spawn. If you continue walking you give come to a root with pumps and machinery used by engineering students. On the other side of the reservoir, thither is a small bird sanctuary and beyond are field that are often full of students learning how to survey the land. Behind you a stand of trees blocks out the bustle of campus life and in front of you the field are ringed by beautiful mountains. entirely this is all close to change. The abbatoir is going to be moved and the fields will become the concrete foundations of a new residential thickening educatee Housing North. Student Housing North is a huge residential development that was canonic and added to the Master Plan in 2001 and is projected to be completed in stages beginning in 2007. The complex will be comprised mainly of flat tire style upper class housing but will likewise include restaurant and retail spaces. The invent is to double the number of students vitality on campus. The project will include two new place structures in order to support the increase of students. A lot of brawl surrounds this aspect of the new project. The development aims to deoxidise traffic and congestion because 2,700 students will be living on campus instead of commuting to school everyday. But the problem is that Student Housing North is going to sit proficient next to Brizzolara Creek, an environmentally sensitive area, and a new bridge will have to be built to accommodate the road leading to the complex and the new parking structures which will have a negative mold on the creek. But on the other hand it will reduce the number of commuters and will create a living and learning community. The plan includes a village center with shops and dinning facilities so the inhabitants will not get the need to drive off campus.

Robert Penn Warren: Distinguished American Writer and Poet :: Biography Biographies Essays

Robert Penn warren Distinguished American Writer and PoetRobert Penn Warren, born in Guthrie, Kentucky in 1905, was one of thetwentieth centurys most eminent American writers. He was a distinguishednovelist and poet, literary critic, essayist, short story writer, andcoeditor of numerous textbooks. He was also a founding editor of The SouthernReview, a daybook of literary criticism and political thought.The primary influences on Robert Warrens career as a poet were probablyhis Kentucky boyhood, and his relationships with his capture and hismaternal grandfather. As a boy, Warren spent many hours on hisgrandfathers farm, absorbing stories of the Civil War and the local anaesthetictobacco wars between growers and wholesalers, the subject of his firstnovel, Night Riders. His grandfather, Thomas Gabriel Penn, had been acalvary officer in the Civil War and was well-read in both military historyand poetry, which he sometimes recited for Robert.Roberts father was a banker who had once had aspirations to become alawyer and a poet. Because of economic troubles, and his dutyfor a family of half-brothers and sisters when his father died, RobertFranklin Warren forsook his literary ambitions and devoted himself to more moneymaking businesses. Robert Warren did not always have ambitions to becomea writer, in fact, one of his earlier dreams was to become an adventurer onthe high seas. This fancy might have indeed come about, for his fatherintended to agitate him an appointment to Annapolis, had it not been for achildhood accident in which he lost sight in one of his mettles.Warren was an outstanding scholar but there were also many books at home,and he savored reading. His father at one time aspired to be a poet. Hisgrandfather Penn, with whom he spent much time when he was young, was anexceptional storyteller and greatly influenced young Red. But both of thesemen whom he loved had in some sense failed to achieve. By contrast, Warrenwas determined to achieve, to b e successful.During his college geezerhood at Vanderbilt, the sense of being physicallymaimed, as well as the fear sympathetic blindness in his remaining good eyebecame almost unbearable.At Vanderbilt University he met Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, DonaldDavidson, and others interested in poetry. As part of The Fugitives, aprivate group that met off campus, he delved deep into poetry, and hisfirst poems were published in their short-lived quarterly. Warren had a incomparable capacity for friendship, and he was in touch with these men allof their lives. For years Tate was first critic of his poetry.

Modern Marvels :: Technology

As vainglorious as it may seem, there are actually a few people out there who commend they are the picture of perfection. I definitely excluded myself from that group when I was born, on October 29, 1991, with 3284932273 flaws. Although the list of my short-comings is extremely extensive there is one that is leading to my unavoidable downfall, my dependency of technology is extremely highIf my memory serves me correct, when I was young I had an excellent memory. I was able to recall almost each information within the blink of an eye. Whether it was a telephone number or an address I knew it. It took one piece of technology to change this virtue, that twisting was a cell phone. When I was 12 years old, I obtained my maiden cell phone for my birthday. Prior to that day there wasn?t a thing in the world I thought I call for more. I stored phone numbers and other important information that at one point in time I remembered unmistakably. Now it?s as if I suffer from a mild case of amnesia. If I send away barely keep in mind school deadlines, how can I retain a phone number from the lost chance of my brain? When I have my ?senior moments? and I can?t remember a thing, I am in total distress. I suffer mentally and physically, my headaches are unbearable at times. My computer has do salutary as much of a contribution to my demise as my cell phone, over the years it as accomplished myriad milestones. The cyberspace is better than it has ever been, information can be quickly retrieved, and enjoyment is around nearly every corner. Although the computer conveniences millions of people it hurts them just as much. I don?t know a soulfulness in the world (familiar with technology) who doesn?t like technological advancements, but it encourages laziness. on that point are a lot of people in the world who baffle around and use the computer for every aspect of life. They basically hot their life through a computer screen, they schedule, pay bills, organize pecu niary information, shop, and a slew of other activities. Not looking on the brighter lieu of things, this lifestyle can lead to ghastly consequences such as obesity and many other health problems. Many people take for tending(p) the technology that we abuse and habitually overuse in our daily lives.

Global Warming - A Problem Blown Out of Proportion Essay -- Greenhouse

spherical Warming - A Problem Blown Out of Proportion It is ironic that fifty cardinal years before hosting the 1997 fall in Nations Conference on Climate Change, the urban center of Kyoto had barely missed being destroyed. It was one of four cities considered as primary quill targets by President Harry Trumans secretary of war, Henry L. Stimson. The others were Kokura, Hiroshima, and Niigata. Gale E. Christianson describes Kyoto in her book Greenhouse as a magnificent urban center surpassed save by Tokyo in the number of its institutions of higher learning. Kyoto served as the model of the emperor for more than 1000 years until the Imperial Household locomote to Tokyo in 1868. All Japanese try to visit the city at least once in their lives. The city remains the spunk of Japanese culture. Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines dominate the landscape. Japanese theater was founded in Kyoto. It was in this setting that the Nations of the world gathered to discuss the issue of o rbicular thaw in late November of 1997 (Christianson 254). From the beginning the United States was viewed as the villain. Undersecretary of State, Stuart Eizenstat, and subject of the U.S. delegation, let it be known that no amount of pressure could deposit the administration to flinch. We want an agreement, but we are not going to Kyoto at any cost (qtd. in Christianson 255). Vice President Al instrument panel added We are perfectly prepared to walk away from an agreement that we preceptort think will work (qtd. in Christianson 255). It was quite taken for granted(predicate) that the United States did not want to be there and for good dry land.The reason had everything to do with cost and benefit. The communications protocols would require that the United States reduce its 2008 2012 overall nursery emissions by about a third of the current levels. The economic be are quite significant and the benefits are not. Tom Wigley, a superior scientist at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research, calculated saved warming under the assumption that every nation met its obligation under the Kyoto Protocol. fit in to his calculations, the earths temperature in 2050 would be 0.07 C lower as a result (Wigley). According to Patrick J. Michaels, a professor of environmental knowledge at the University of Virginia, a warming of such an infinitesimal amount cannot accurately be measure on a thermometer. The benefits of Kyoto are so minuscular as to ... ...crosoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.Robinson, Arthur B. and Jane M. Orient. Science, Politics and Death. The New American 20.12 (June 2004) 37 par. 24 November 2004http//www.thenewamerican.com/tna/2004/06-14-2004/science.htm Taylor, Jerry. Global Warming The Anatomy of a Debate. Diss. John Hopkins University, January 16, 1998 http//www.cato.org/speeches/sp-jt011698.html Boyachek, Karen. Argument Against the Global Warming Theory U of Saskatchewan Newsletter 26 Jan. 20 http//www.cs.usak.ca/undergrads /kmbl129/49/assignment Mendelsohn, Robert. Global Warming and the American Economy. Northampton Edward Elgar, 2001.Moran, Edward, ed. The Global Ecology. New York Wilson, 1999.Christianson, Gale E. Greenhouse. United States Walker, 1999James Hansen et al. , A Common-Sense Climate Index Is Climate Changing observably? Proceeding of the National Academy of Science 95 (1998) 4113-20Thomas Wigley, The Kyoto Protocol CO2, CH4, and Climate Implication, Geophysical Research Letter 25 (1998) 2285-88Michaels, Patrick J. Long tropic Year Latest Science Debunks Global Warming Hysteria.Policy digest 329 (1998) 1-12

Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Daniel Defoe was an singular man. Although he never had the benefit of a university education, he spoke sextuplet languages and was able to read even more. His curriculum included having been a regimen spy, a shopkeeper, and a journalist. As the latter, he was employed by both(prenominal) major parties. Of course, serving two lord is impossible, so after he got into trouble with both of these parties, he turned to writing as another(prenominal) means of living. The first major difference between Defoes work and nearly other books dating from this cartridge clip is that Robinson Crusoe is really entertaining, quite exhilarating and at times even amusing to read. This is in sharp contrast to roughly contemporary novels which stuck to a Spartan diet of unreality and dullness, their entirely take in lying in the complete strangeness to anything human. Basically, most stories at the time were chronicles of wonderful, magical events, not even attempting to resemble human life at a ll. Robinson Crusoe was one of the first few books to have citations with whom a reader could in truth identify. Therefore, it was very popular and this idea of recognition of oneself in a character in a book is nowadays only discussed when it fails, implying that it now has conk a natural recipe for writing any book. Most of todays popsongs become hits cod to a hook a melodic chorus or subservient piece which basically does not need to convey any subject matter whatsoever. Its only function is to keep the listener listening. Defoe also had grasped the idea of a hook. Only his is fairly bigger, namely about 10 pages, than your average popsong-hook, which contains 4-5 words, if any... For sometimes the lyrics are degraded to a repeated monosyllabic sound. Defoe put this system into practice in Robinson Crusoe. First, he has Robinsons father lecture him on the midriff station which is apparently the best state in the world. Of course, this little section is only needed to char m his middle-class audience. By refusing his fathers ideas, Robinson already seems like an unappreciated son in the eyes of the reader. Defoe adds more Christian morals as Robinson sinks deeper into sin. He drinks his repentance away after his first encounter with a storm, he refuses to listen to the captain who tells him you ought to take this for a plain and macroscopical token that you are not to be a seafaring man.

Dulce Et Decorum Est Essay -- English Literature

Dulce Et decorousness EstOwens attitude to contendfare is justified by the title and the language usedin the poem. He is anti-war. He uses the Latin title ironically toshow his aim, that the translation ofDulce Et Decorum EstIs a morose saying. It is not good and proper or sweetly and fitting todie for their country, it is a lie as he points egress in the final 3linesTo children ardent for some desperate glory, the senior Lie Dulce EtDecorum Est Pro Patria moriHe tries to teach those that in flex teach their young to fight, thatdying for their country, their Queen isnt right, he shows how theeager children fearsome for some ardent gloryAre actually excited and fuelled by the dreams put into their minds,of fame, heroism and power, these children absorb these stories, thepropaganda spoon fed to them as fuel. It fuels the wishful hypothesiseer mind of achild and this would lead them to further believe and institutionalise in thosestories and never reject the lie growing within them process they enlistfor the army and discover the truth hidden from them for so long, thatwar is hopeless, war is horrid, war is mankinds creation. They willgrow to learn the frightening do and results of a war and it isthis, which Owen hopes to prevent.Latin in this poem is extremely substantive the phrase is the ideabehind Owens poem, the lesson he sets out to teach. Latin is a deadlanguage but was spoken by, some(prenominal) countries during the times of theroman type Empire. Owen for the sake of this poem revives it. In my view heis using the Latin as a metaphor for war, Latin is deadOwen suggests the propaganda of the past presents inexplicably falsestories with no real truth behind them. Owen is angry at those whowould ... ...ighly flag-waving(prenominal) or is tainted bythere countries propaganda campaigns, it is the lie, the lie that hascost many jives and decimated many landscapes, its old, it has beenretold and taught for many generations, by grandparents, uncle s &aunties and the parents themselves who were taught it also, itsshouldnt go any further, it has cost as well as many lives already, Owen iscrying out stop the teachings, stop the slaughter of candid youngmen corrupted by their countries propaganda, stop it and keep it endbecause war doesnt solve anything, families are ended in wars,innocent mickle and beautiful landscapes are destroyed in senselesswars with only peerless point, Power for the country who wins but what isgreater? The cost of victory, or the option of so many soldiers thatcould be future fathers, or future scientists, writers and inventors,think about it.

Essays --

In bruise of their many wars and conflicts, chinaware and Japan share a cultural lot that has bridged all everyplace the centuries. In the post-Cold War period, mainland China and Japan have fit major trading partners and their economies are now interdependent of each opposite. hitherto tensions between the dickens sides today all over islets in the East China Sea are showing no signs of abating. The situation over ownership of the territories is so tense that some fear an outbreak of war. It is a marvel why this territorial dis poste flared up so suddenly over the past few years. If the conflict between Sino-Japanese relations is ultimately over fishing rights and natural resources, then tensions over the islands should have risen quaternity decades ago. The territorial dispute is so complex that there is no light-colored solution to this incendiary situation. What is clear, though, is that avoiding further confrontation, and urging for more effective conversation at all levels of society is crucial. There is no doubt that China and Japan mistrust each others intentions and expect the other to be plotting against them. Both countries view themselves as the victim and the other as the aggressor. For the Chinese, the patriotic education emphasized after the early 1990s has had its intend effect as nationalist sentiments rose. Chinas rise in the global scene has likewise contributed to this nationalist surge. Furthermore, it is difficult to counteract that or so people are not that nationalistic because China is not a democratic ground. The Chinese judicature has periodically used anti-Japanese sentiment and has revealed that the government allows anti-Japan demonstrations to take place but not demonstrations for other reasons. The government also seeks actively to shape the... ...dia coverage that exaggerates the most violent moments in the anti-Japanese protests in China. Moreover, governments and civil society organizations on both sides sh ould actively support pin history research and incorporate not nevertheless one countrys views of historical events and their understanding, but also other relevant actors perceptions befittingly in their textbooks to cultivate coexistence and reconciliation. The Senkaku/Diaoyu dispute is a complex issue that has put security in East Asia at risk. Despite the rising tensions over political and security relations, there is still room for greater economic cooperation. If both countries see each other as a gent for their common needs and share passion of prosperity and peace, then these two nations can expect a miracle of peace and development not only politically and economically, but socially as well.

Aristotle Essay -- essays research papers

AristotleWith the possible exception of Plato, Aristotle is the most influential philosopher in the history of logical thought. Logic into this century was basically Aristotelian logic. Aristotle dominate the study of the natural sciences until modern times. Aristotle, in some aspect, was the founder of biological science Charles Darwin considered him as the most important contributor to the subject. Aristotles Poetic, the first conk out of literary notice, had a string influence on the theory and confide of modern drama. Aristotles great influence is due to the fact that he seemed to offer a system, which although lacked in certain respects, was as a exclusively matchless in its extent.Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira in northern Greece. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician with close connections to the Macedonian court. In 367, Aristotle went to capital of Greece to join Platos Academy, first as a student then, a teacher. Plato had gathered around him a group of out standing men who dual-lane no common belief but who were united by the get hold of effort to organize human knowledge on a self-coloured theoretical basis and expand it in all directions. This effort determine Aristotles own work. It was also part of the Academys broadcast to train young men for a political career and to depict advice to rulers. After Platos death, Aristotle joined the court of Hermias of Atarneus in 347, and later went to the c...