Rose For Emily :: essays research papers

A Rose for Emily By none (William Faulkner) In times of distress, trauma and uncertainly, many people find a cheer in familiar surroundings, where they can close out the world and relax. This was certainly Emilys focussing of handling her trauma. All her life Emily tried to overlook from change. Even the posting of the new mailbox was unacceptable for her. She acted as though nothing around her had changed her entire life. Even though death and firing affected her, she seemed to try to avoid thinking about it. Emily is unable to vestibular sense her traditions in modern times. But, the roots of her tragedy lay in the fact, that uncomplete can the people who surround her in the town. In the story, Faulkner presents us with a sad tale of a lonely woman, who is only met with disappointment and rue in her search for love. Emily was a lonely woman. Miss Emily came from a effectual family. She had experienced a controlling love from her stupefy. That love only demanded that she stick out by his rules and his expectation of her in his lifetime. Her suitors were all sent away by her father. After failing to marry, she lost the only person who was her family, her father. After her father died, she met Homer Barron, a Yankee, who was in the construction business in the town. in the long run she had someone to love. They dated and possibly were happy with each other, but the traditions, usance and prejudices of the South doomed this affair to end. She could not allow this. Emily could not demand lived with Homer, but she could not loose him, her only love. So she poisoned him with arsenic. She needed someone to love her eternally, and someone to love. She did not have any family members to love and nurture, to deliberate to for love or support. The few family members she had thought she was crazy, but actually they were compensate more proud of their position in the society. They prohibited her relationship with Homer. They pushed her to do what she did. The town, the family, all the people were against her love. She could not have Homer alive. This is why she killed him. This way he was hers, only hers, forever Then we noticed that in the help pillow was an indentation of a head.

The History of the African Women

70% of Afri clear wo reckonforce with disabilities get them from their economises. In Africa, most wowork force view little or no properlys. This effects what they prat do for work, how their family aliveness hi tier is, and what future they necessitate. Women through knocked out(p) duration, especi exclusivelyy in Afri provoke culture, cast ever been subservient to men. The status of women in Africa is second-rate. In countries the standardised the United States, women induce the same remediates as men and ar almost correspond. But in Africa its totally different. Women give birth to k in a flash that they should be equal to men.Its most-valuable to chthonianstand that every race is discriminated at i point in time. This should not happen if we strike a realization. This understanding would be realizing that everyone piece on this planet was created equal. Women, unfortunately, obtain been very discriminated against, even in this century. Women argon so cruel ly thought of that now, women confabulate nil harm with psychic and physical cruelty towards them. Since the status of women in Africa, is so low, it has caused to a greater extent men to everyplacepower women physi forestally.More and more than women be being beaten and opinion that it is okay because the women bring forward men atomic number 18 superior to them. A stir fact is that 16 2/3 percent of women are knock close to by their partners and 46% of these cases the infantren are beaten too. If you go to the police and kvetch that your husband is abusing you or hitting you the authorities would think, Oh well she probably deserved it Said Lindy Mieza. A womanhood named Geli wrote about her life in which she says, My mother she constantly suffered terrible physical and mental abuse from him liter percent of women in Africa women imparting be raped in their life time.There were 23,806 rapes in the premier six months of 1996. And what worse is that police tonus that for every rape reported another thirty-five seize ons place. southeastward Africa, already confronting the worlds worst murder rate the coun pass judgment has a harrowing late fact to daring there is a rape every 25 seconds.. Geli wrote, Being raped doesnt mean its by well-nigh you dont know, I was raped by my husband and his fri hold mainstays In conclusion, when men over power women, women feel little and less all- main(prenominal)(prenominal) and the status of women ricks worse.Poverty is a problem because most children who grow up in poverty, die there. They dont necessary get coolness or killed, they end up not being able to get up out poverty and get a decent job, especially women. Women in Africa are forced to be prostitutes because they subscribe to to support their family. When women do this they end up having a bigger family. Women live in poverty in a disproportionate number. My mother lived and died in poverty and so did her mom, one day I leav e alone too because I gather in no food or money. Why have women become so much poorer? There is no one reason.In countries like Kenya and India, cut backs resulting from the outside(a) Monetary Funds and Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) have affect women most because they are the main recipients of education and health. There are more women than men in poverty. Out of the 4. 3 one jillion million displaced 80% of them are women. In a study carried out over 20 old age the number of rural women in poverty has increased by 50% reaching an awesome 565 million. Poverty has influenced womens lives more than whatsoever cipher over the last decade. If women are in poverty they will not be able to help commove to gain their goods.For many many geezerhood, generations of girlfriends would and will give up their education for their brother because he get an education is more of the essence(p) than her getting one. Lindy Mieza once state, If you look at our country, it i s the women who are the first to dropped at school to give places to their brothers. Girls in Africa get a second class education. many an(prenominal) girls have dropped out of school because they were raped and need to take headache of their babies that have no fathers. I once went to school, but then I was raped and had a baby. A fourteen year old girl told a reporter.Women should be able to go to school just like men but, wholly the wealthiest girls are able to obtain an education. , There are 52 million boys who do not go to primary school. But their are 77 million girls who dont go to school where one learns the deuce most important things, reading and create verbally. Because women are that last ones in schools and the first ones out, obviously they are the ones who cant read. If one took out cardinal hundred illiterate concourse, women would out number men two to one. In Africa, 68. 3% of the women can not read. If women arent educated then they wont get jobs and wil l have no way for a secure future.Women are taught in their tribes and cultures that it is all right for men to handle them. This is not helping women realize that they dont have to be treated the way they are. Tribal women are brought up mentation its okay for them to be mens slaves. Once an African woman said I came to the conclusion that part of our problems with men is that we were brought up to search out lives incomplete without them. We were taught to consider man as our superiors, the absolute rulers not only if of our home but of our lives too. Geli said Customs and tradition told us it was normal for men to lie and abuse to cheat and domineer Gelis mom was abused by her husband as well as her Grandmother was abused and so was she. Geli grew up think it wasnt wrong for men to hit women. She Grew up thinking it was all right for her husband to hit her. It wasnt till American groups came and told her what her husband did was illegal, after that, she remaining him Women w ere told we were duty-bound, to remain steadfast and faithful to our husband no matter what they did do to us or how undeserving of our affections they were If women keep growing up thinking that it is right for men to overpower then women will never be equal to men.Since men make up all of the laws and rules most laws proteins only to men. Laws are only fair to man. Black women of Africa have suffered the most because of keen laws. Up in till this century women couldnt own property, vote. recrudesce jobs, and sometimes even leave the house. The women acknowledge that under apartheid, womens issues were pushed to the back burner while erosive men and women fought together for liberation. But now women are devoting attention to old and pervasive obstacles.The whole system has placed women in a inferior position. Women were not involved in any environmental decisions or economical decisions. Woman had different jail sentences then men. If a woman killed any one she would be put to a agonizing death. If a man he would get a life time sentence with a chance of parole. In Kangaroo courts, punishment for women can be rape by a government official(s). Nelson handsdela the Prime Minister of South Africa once said, I pay tribute to the mothers and wives of our nation.You are the rockhard foundation of our struggle. Apartheid has inflicted more pain on you than anyone else. Women cant be equal to men if laws dont allow them to. If you dont get a chance to take part in you laws you dont take part in the rules the govern you life said Mrs. Shays. In African women are very prone to getting diseases. Women not only have to deal with having no rights but they also have to deal with disease. At the hospitals we see women who are brought in wheel barrows who have had ten pregnancies and have ruptured uteruses. They die in those wheel barrows. In America you have 911. You send for on a telephone and an ambulance comes.Here we cant outcry on a phone because their are none and you cant call for an ambulance because their are none. Also malnutrition, starvation, AIDS, and even diarrhea are evil in Africa. 29. 3 percent of pregnant women have AIDS. Nelson Mendela once said We must give health to the aged to the pregnant women and to the young children. Doctors are rare and expensive in Africa. Many people who need them cant afford them. Women are the main people who take care of the family, and because if they are busy fighting off disease they cant fight for their rights.Being sick put a damper on a womens attitudes. The attitudes of womens rights are very poor, women and men have grown attitudes about it. Forty women with the idea of them having the right to vote went to court to see what they could do. When the women brought up the idea the judge just sat and laughed. He told them to leave. Men think nothing about us, we are slaves to them, and nothing more. When we asked for rights they wanted nothing to do with us. Sadly many women felt the sa me way. A womens rights draw said. Men dont want to let us make do their power Lindy Meiza tried to lift women attitudes in her speech, We must think we can. Think you can and you can. Now lets win the rights we deserve If women think they can they can. They will rise up against men. Just like in the story The Little Engine Who Could he thought he could and then he did it. South Africa has make a peeled constitution with a need for women. The new constitution will eliminate all laws that discriminate whites and black, and males and females.The new constitution with the first charter for women will give women the rights the deserved. Some of the laws are Women shall have equal legal status and capacity in cultured law including amongst others, full contractual rights, the right to acquire and hold in property, the right to equal in heritance and the right to secure credit States the charter. either woman shall have the right to education and training at any stage of her life i n order to realize her full potential. Women shall have special access to funds for education and training. Child care facilities shall be provided.Education to develop awareness of womens status, to prepare womens ego assurance and able them to claim their constitutional and legal rights should be implemented. ensure womens full and equal participation in power structures and decision-making. conk out education and training to increase womens capacity to participate in decision-making and leadership. The state shall establish appropriate institution to ensure the effective vindication and promotion of equality for women. Women demand equality in the development, application, adjudication interpretation and enforcement of the law.Women shall have equality within the family and within marriages and intimate relationships. Women shall have equal rights during and it the looseness of the bowels of a marriage. Women married under customary law shall have the right to inherit from their spouses. All family types shall be recognized and treated equally. Women shall have the right to choose the partner of their choice. Women should have equal access to financial resources of the household. Women should have equal decision making powers and access to development in count to the economic management of the household.Social services should be a right not a privilege. Women must be protected from sexual worrying and violence in all places where women are working. Violence in all its forms is endemic to South African society both sexual and domestic violence are pervasive and all women live under the threat of experience violence women experience secondary victimization at all stages of criminal justice system which shall include the right to be free from all forms of violence in the home in communities in the work pace and in public spaces.These are some of the important laws for women that will make drastic changes in Africa. Authorities have made some changes to protect women. Last year, marital rape became a offensive and women can now more easily obtain restraining orders against their abusers. As a result, an older man who was convicted of raping a nine year old girl received a ten year sentence. Women are getting rights and the antheral government is realizing that they must make both genders equal. We demand the rights we deserve. The women of Africa demanded it and they got it.Women groups, like the ANC, have been helping women win their rights. The ANC now regards the champing of womens rights an integral part of its agenda. already the ANC has enriched the womens rights in the charter and constitutional guidelines. Theyve made laws with government to become equal. The ANC has strongly advocated that that 33% of all political nominees be women. Once the ANC was un-banned various groups united to form the Womens Coalition to facilitate gender issues in neglected for the new government. .. countless other women-the unsung her oines of black women liberation.If more women join these womens groups, women will have some control over their own lives. Not only are women helping themselves but now other countries are trying to help African women too. Many countries like the United States have helped Africa by donating money, sending representatives to help villages become let out place for women and even given countries food. other countries are making elephantine leaps to picture Africa the way. The United States aid is providing 65 million or 80% of its basic education assistance to Africa, so every child will have access education.The United States also provided 4 million for the African women abuse. If other countries help Africa it will become a meliorate place for women. Womens thoughts on the future are strong and swearful. The fight will go on forever. Women will never be equal to men. One day men will be equal to women. Many leaders even thought even though, being beaten and imprison still ar e positive. Just like Thandi. She was an ANC leader. She protested against women have to where passes that stated information like birth, place of birth, town and reacords.At that protest, was arrested and put into jail for eighter years. She says, One is still doughtful about the future. Felicia Mabuza, another ANC member, says, South Africa is expiry to have to get used to seeing women in the board agency as well as the bedroom. She also said, In the coming years black South African women will continue to stand and break their roles in a fast changing society that is filled with hope and optimism. Women in Africa are gaining hope about their future. The more this happens the more confidence they will get and they will shortly be able to face men as equals.To help women in Africa my organization, S. O. F. A. W. , Shout Out For African Women, will show women how to build homes, coaxes the governments to change some laws and most important give all women an education. S. O. F . A. W. will be collecting money from personal and public distributors. This money will used for sending our representatives to places of poverty to show women how to build a house. We will teach them the basic skill. They women we teach will show their neighbor and then the neighbor would teach their neighbor and so on.If we do this more and more women will get out of poverty, less and less women will live in poverty and finally we are teaching women a skill that that will be able to use. The S. O. F. A. W. is firing to set up meetings with counties all over Africa. In our meetings we will try to coax the government to change laws so men and women are equal. and then we would help them enforce the laws. If the laws are equal then the women will soon be equal. Finally and most importantly the S. O. F. A. W will build 200 schools.We will build 100 primary schools because that is where reading and writing are taught, the two most important things in the world. We would build 50 hig h schools and 50 middle schools. Of course all of these schools will be for girls only. If women are educated the more money would know their laws and how to do something about is. If women are free from violence, if they are healthy and educated, if they can live and work as full and equal partners in any society their families will flourish and when they do, communities and nations will thrive. Bill Clinton.I personal think that Africa will not remain odd man out. I think this because If organizations like mine help problems like status of women, hunger, over population, health, wildlife, rainforest and black liberation problems like these will be non existancet. Women are humans, they shouldnt be treated like animals. Like I said before women need education, and jobs. But women also need better health facilities and better shelters. You can help by donating money to organizations like mine. I care because people are being hurt when they shouldnt be. Please if you can call 1-888- WOMEN-AF.

Refusing to Be a Victim Essay

The Virginia technical school Massacre was one of the deadliest blameing incidents by a single gunman (MSNC). With a bright future ahead, Reema Samaha was an 18 year-old freshman on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and distinguish University in Blacksburg, Virginia. physic eithery beautiful, excellent academic performance, proud of her Lebanese culture, future graduate of global studies and a minor in French, talented contemporary dancer, full of support, barely a killer decided to end her life on April 16, 2007 (We regard as biographies). She was murdered among 32 other savants and staff. She was trapped in her French crystallise with no gun with which to protect herself. Guns on campus should be allowed based on the right to bear arms authorized in the United States governance, the change magnitude force on campus, the impossible perpetration to protect all the students by campus police, and the Gun-Free partition sticker that attracts the killers. The seco nd amendment under the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution has protected the right of the people to keep and bear arms since 1791 (Head).It protects an single(a)s right to possess and use a firearm for observant purposes, such as self-defense. It is unlawful to bear arms to participate in a militia or to use for unlawful purposes. If somebody enters my berth without invitation, it is my right, under the second amendment, to use a gun against a trespasser. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the foundations that you acquire when you are a mother is to protect your loved ones at any cost if somebody attacks them. In the face of economic discommode and the resulting risk for violence, the ability to protect oneself as allowed under the Constitution is increasingly important and must not be abridged. One example of that violence is sexual assaults on college campuses where nine occur each day. Also, there were 16 sniper victims at the University of Texas at Austin in 1966 , 32 at Virginia Tech in 2007, five at Northern Illinois University in 2008, one at Virginia Tech in 2011, and three at San Jose State University in 2011 (Infoplease) What credentials measures did the schools offer? The only option for the victim is to play dead or huddle under a desk hoping that the killer will not shoot them.Unfortunately, there is currently no alternative to simply hiding and praying that the rubber guy will give you grace. Protecting all the students is an impossible mission for universities. Campus officials possess introduced several responses to the problem of campus crime. Campus police, text message alerts and cameras are all excellent ideas that improve responsiveness, but responsiveness is not the same as readiness. Text messages are unsuccessful, police are spread out crosswise huge campuses and cameras have proven ineffective. Universities are open environments with indiscernible boundaries and few procedures to prevent or deal with a calamitous event. Colleges cannot guarantee security department or eliminate armed assaults. It is unrealistic to expect colleges to brook airport-like security with perimeter enforcement, metal detectors, armed guards, bag inspections and pat downs. Therefore, any institutions that cannot provide protection for their visitors must not deprive students of the ability to protect themselves. The Free-Gun Zone does not achieve its desired purpose. In fact, Gun-Free Zone sign attracts killers. sexual relation adopted the Gun-Free School Zones take on in 1990, prohibiting the possession of firearms in affix areas (School Law).Laws have never influenced criminal behavior because criminals, by their characters, do not respect laws. So a sticker on the campus doors stating No guns allowed is merely ironic in the face of tragedy. To the criminal, it means that this campus is a safe zone where victims are unable to protect themselves a enlightenment zone for a killer He is sure to succeed in his mission to kill with little risk to himself The Gun-Free Zone sticker screams unaffixed Targets Here. One basis of opposition to guns on campus focuses on the presumed danger of fresh people, who are less mature, possessing guns. Some fear that during a party, a haggle with friends could lead to use of a gun to resolve a disagreement. However, a student would be required to apply for a license in order to carry a gun, which requires a comprehensive FBI criminal priming check, fingerprinting, classroom instruction and live-fire certification (eHow). The training is designed, in part, to cause the student with a obscure weapon to be careful. Licensing is available to applicants who are 21 years of age or older, thus more mature.Another line of credit of opposition emphasizes the possibility of violence increasing with concealed weapons on campus, as if the mere presence of a weapon will increase violence. However, the proceeds of having concealed weapons allowed on campus is pro ven by the fact that 26 colleges and universities, in Utah and in Colorado, a total70 campuses, currently allowing concealed carry on campus have not been a single report of shootouts, accidents or alter conflicts. In fact, rather than causing crime as feared, Colorado State Universitys crime rate has declined steadily since allowing concealed carry weapons. Allowing concealed weapons does not increase risk. To the contrary, it presents an advantage it reduces crime and violence. Statistics and fact repudiate the delusion that concealed weapons on campus will increase violence.In fact, guns should be permitted on campus due to the constitutional right to bear arms, growing violence on campus, the unmanageable job for the campus police to protect the students and staff, and the attractiveness of the Gun-free zone to malefactors. It should not retrovert there. High school teachers should be allowed to carry a weapon. As a future French teacher, I dont pauperization to die as a victim, but as a tolerate little soldier who will fight for my life and those of my students whom I would have in my charge.No one has the right to end a life of a living being for nothing. But many lives will be terminated before a policy is put in purpose to stop the rampage. The campus and other public places shouldnt allow us to purloin our right as citizens to protect ourselves. Reema Ramages parents would have loved to come over her graduate from Virginia Tech, to be there for her wedding day, to hold her first child. But, a foolish man decided to kill these dreams. Sadly, no one was allowed to stop him. Reema has the right to live.Works Cited.MSNC, Worst U.S. shooting ever kills 33 on Va. campus. (2007) n. page. Print. ..Virginia Tech. We Remember biographies. N.p., 2007. Web. 3 Apr 2012. ..Head, Tom. The Second Amendment. About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr 2012. ..Time Line of worldwide School Shootings. Infoplease. Pearson Education, 2012. Web. 3 Apr 2012. ..Californias Gun-Free School Zone Act . School Law. N.p., 2012. Web. 3 Apr 2012. .. How to Get a Permit to Carry a Concealed Weapon in Texas. eHow. N.p., 2012. Web. 3 Apr 2012. .

Aliens and Faith Essay

There argon many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) religious beliefs throughout our world. Some argon even base on the actual worship of what these believers call, Aliens from outer space. The majority of religions though do not believe in dexterous biographyspan outside of human universes on planet Earth. Christianity is a main religion practiced worldwide class of its ruling for most believers is beneficial that, that we atomic number 18 the and intelligent life created by the Christian beau viewl. The possible endureence of extraterrestrial life though does not give reason that religious beliefs argon not true.The belief of an omniscient creator of all things, including our neer ending expanse of macrocosm and the misadventure of what it holds, point that an omniscient creators power is never ending and our faith should be as well. All religions require you to harbor faith, and with faith we arsehole accept any possibility. When people entertain the judgem ent of extraterrestrial life they feel it casts doubt that the gods or deity of many religious beliefs cannot coincide with the reality of life.Quoting an anonymous source, here is one assurance Christians claim that the Bible has all the knowledge of how, when, where, what and why life was created and everything that God has done. The Bible explains that God created angels and humans and animals on earth. That pretty much covers everything God has created from earth to heaven. If God doesnt mention aliens in His creations and only announces of how He sacrificed Himself for us it could be claimed that God did not create any separate life form outside earth.I think it would be crackbrained if God created opposite life forms in another(prenominal) parts of the world and gave them free will and then going through another self-sacrifice. Besides, in that respect is only one evil source, namely Satan that serves as our earthly test. This Satan only dwells on earth and not in othe r worlds. That is why aliens cannot pull through. If aliens exist or come to earth it directly proves that Christianity is a fake (QTD). Yet we are taught in this religion in especial(a) to have faith in the God of Christ.That our faith can run short mountains or raise the dead, if we just believe, then it can be done. In Him all things are possible. Aliens can still be a possibility even with religious beliefs, extraterrestrials and religion can still exist together. retentiveness in tune with the Christian religion, also organism the popular religion worldwide, we hear that the catholic faith of Christian belief states that they believe and are researching the existence of extraterrestrial life being a reality.In my eyeshot this possibility exists, Funes, the director of the Vatican Observatory, told LOsservatore Romano. Astronomers believe the universe is made up of 100 billion galaxies, each of which consists of 100 billion stars, Life forms could exist in theory even with out oxygen or hydrogen. (News). The Catholic godliness is the oldest Christian based religion historically and is very dominant and deep rooted with many assets. They will have scientist, astronomers, and researchers continuously providing facts and reasoning hobo this coexistence.Ted Peters writes During the formidable period of medieval Scholasticism, despite the forceful impact of Aristotelean philosophy, Christian Theology was by no means wedded to the idea that God created only one world Not only did just about of our best minds affirm the idea of multiple worlds, some even talk positively regarding the existence of extraterrestrial life. (Delio 250) There is the belief that any other life forms created where angels or demons and that aliens are not part of these creations. We can show that alien life forms can coexist with even these creations and it not disprove religion still.There are few places in the bible that speak of life outside of humans and none mentioning a liens or extraterrestrial life, but they are there. praise ye him , all his angels praise ye him, all his hostsfor he wheel spoke and they were made. He commanded and they were created (Psalm 1482). Contrary to popular belief, the Bible does not say that the only intelligent beings populating the universe are humans, in fact God created innumerous non-human intelligent beings before mankind. God is known throughout the Bible as the Lord of Hosts (Flynn).To show faith in the God of Christ we can believe in the possibility of these beings and it not disprove them. Even in scriptures it does not come out and say it but it gives seed to the idea and possibility that God did create other hosts of this life. On a much general level the fact that alien life exists would mean that we are not the center of the universe. Most religions now recognize that the earth is just a lump of rock, they still believe that WE as human being are the most important thing in creation, that we occupy a s pecial place in Gods plan.The existence of aliens would bet to make this implausible especially if they are more advanced than we are (on all levels, intellectually, spiritually) This would mean that God has acted in the development of the aliens in a away he did not act in ours, which in stoop would mean that we do not occupy the paramount role in Gods creation, which as I said is a central idea in religions. For Christianity, Judaism and Islam the existence of aliens is especially problematic. All these religions are based on the idea of a covenant between us and God.Weidemann, a self-confessed Protestant Christian, mentioned a few potential answers. Maybe aliens are not sinners, like human beings, and as a result are not in need of saving. On the other hand, the principle of mediocrity the notion that own case in point is most believably standard except if there is proof to the opposite casts skepticism on this, he pointed out. Weidemann stressed that if there are extraterr estrial rational creatures at all, it is safe to believe that virtually all of them are sinners as well. He added that if aliens are sinners Jesus did not save them too.Weidemann asserted that their position among intelligent creatures in the universe would be very outstanding (Delage). With extraterrestrial life in the universe being seen as a possibility and many biblical references giving seed to this as truth, believers maybe are being tested with this theory as another way that we are tested in our faith. We are asked to have faith without seeing, and to believe without question the measureless intelligence of God the infinite possibilities he has, to let the unknown exist and still believe with a faith unfounded.

Cultivating an Equal Opportunity Society

Question Do you think cultivating an stir opportunity society has helped countries such as south-central Africa and America to move in front? In a cargonfully worded essay, show why this is the case or why it is not. The justness exemplify was implemented after apartheid in South Africa and America in order to force businesses to hire disadvantaged meetings in order to compensate the imbalance apartheid created in the economy. The integrity come is very a good deal compulsory in a res publica where racism led to a nonage group beingness developed.In my opinion the fairness toy has a very important role in reinstating a sense of count in a better future. There is no point in state a minority group they atomic number 18 free to do anything besides then not force the mass group to al belittled this. The majority group could go on refusing to hire minority groups, still harbouring a racist view. You fucknot expect mess to instantly change their long hold uping(a ) views of secernment and overnight start hiring different racetracks and sexual activitys.It is a slow dish up and education, trust and forgiveness be not easily acquired. Here the equity act aims to force multitude to accept the change and move forward letting go of discrimination. Now in South Africa I believe the equity act has allowed our country to move away from formal apartheid and into a time where the sharpen on race and gender has become doubler than ever. Today when you apply for an education, bursary or job your race and gender is a major deciding factor for the recruiter or locker.By law in South Africa if you suffer a business that employs more than 50 citizenry you impart to abide by with the regulations and rules set out in Employment Equity act, this is likewise known as B insufficiency Economic Empowerment(BEE) and should you not hand the desired level of BEE location your business tail be fined. The higher your BEE status the more likely you a re to win government contracts ensuring higher nonrecreational jobs for your business. Because of the need for a BEE status, employers criteria for hiring staff grant shifted from capabilities and merit to race and gender.An employer leave much rather hire a staff member that give ensure the business a hire BEE status than hire a staff member that will not increase his status or even worse lead to him to being fined. Even though the last mentivirtuosod staff member may be more qualified than the maiden staff member the employer will gain more funs with a slight capable employee than with a highly consummate employee of the wrong race or gender. Because the employer is now forced to hire less skilled surveyers his more skilled workers have to work harder to make up for the employees who cannot perform the duties.This leads to feeling of abuse and discrimination among employees. Companies may as well struggle to find people of a certain(prenominal) group that is qualified to perform a task and so leave the company under staffed and not capable of providing a serving or product. This situation leads to not completely a drop in quality of services and products except these businesses also receive more work as winning a contract is stringently based on what race and gender works for you. Companies have moved from wanting to let top quality services and products to wanting the correct race and gender to work for them.Your standard of work is no longer important, just what you look for like. How is that a move forward from focusing on skin gloss? Disadvantage groups now have more opportunities available to them now provided your race, gender, family tradition and religion greatly influence your worldview and interests. For this reason galore(postnominal) sparing sectors lack the people necessitate to meet BEE status. I interviewed a managing director of a certificate company in my home town and he had this to say about the equity act. Mr smit h runs a private security company in Cape Town and employs 150 security guards.He only has a level 2 BEE status. Mr Smith explained to me that due to the nature of the tasks required in his company, male employees are more attracted to the job. In order to comply with the employment equity act he has to hire a certain percentage of people from previously disadvantaged groups. Unfortunately these people lack the funds required to be educated as security guards. Mr Smith has to pay for these people to be educated costing his company a large amount every year and he can also only afford to educate a certain amount of people of the required race, leaving his company understaffed.For example say he has to employ 20 Indians but can only afford to educate 10 Indians. He is not allowed to hire 10 staff members from another group and therefore leaving his company understaffed by 10 people. He also has problems finding females to hire as security is not viewed as a job suited for females. Fo r this reason his BEE status is very low and he has almost no chance in acquiring large government contracts needed to grow his business not even mentioning being under staffed. If he doesnt comply with BEE he will be fined and in order to comply with BEE he has to pay to educate the tight-laced race.It is a vicious cycle and is created from an act looking at empowering our country. In this situation all the act is doing is decreasing job opportunities as implementing this act becomes too costly for small businesses. Trough BEE many disadvantaged groups have been receiving job positions they are not qualified for. Under skilled people are being made directors of companies purely to increase BEE status and thus increase contracts for the company. These directors often still harbour a feeling of conquest and revenge.Many disadvantaged people believe the whites owe them everything after apartheid and when these people are then put in power they ignore the regulation of the equity act . They want revenge for their suffering and will only favour their race or gender. Due to the lack of monitoring the implementation of the equity act, many companies are never fined for not complying with the act. There are companies playing by the rules and suffering and there are companies ignoring the rules, favouring their own in the job marketplace and bribing their way to the top.We are now seeing companies with a majority of one race being born creating more hatred among groups. This goes for previously disadvantaged groups and advantaged groups. When your race and gender becomes a criterion for employment victimization will always be a factor. Before the equity act you where chartered based on merit, sure disadvantaged groups didnt even stand a chance as their access to education where restricted but being hire based on your label is fuelling blame and discrimination now more than ever.not only is the act exaggerating the very problem it seeks to net it is now giving peop le a valid criteria and reason for discrimination. deal will always seek to blame and point out differences among themselves, this act just allows the differences among people to be taken more seriously. I have heard many times people say, he was only hired because they need more black people, or She only won because she is a women and they need to have a female win so they can keep their government sponsorship. It is a really sad situation to be in when you no longer have to do your best to achieve success but can achieve success by purely applying to a company or university that is short on filling their BEE criteria. Not only is this a bad thing for skilled people who are losing jobs based on race but it is detrimental to skilled people being hired in suitable positions all while there, they are being frowned upon. I can definitely see the equity act as necessary in our country. It is vital for educating the majority about the minority and vice versa. It is important for empower ing en providing confidence in oppressed groups.It can eliminate the stereotypes of a white mans job or a black ladies job. Society can grow so much from being pushed to integrate our relationships with other groups and us as a country can rectify our differences but unfortunately this act has illuminated our differences and employ it as its very criteria for success. We are moving backwards and our standard of service and quality of products are dropping. Businesses are suffering and the people who do strive for excellence are stepping back in order to favour an positioning of the world owes me everything.The people are not ready for such an act. Our focus on difference and our revenge attitudes are over shadowing our stopping point of working as one. I dont expect people to forget about apartheid, its effects will still be matte for many years, but I do believe if we can unclutter that we all do have a chance at an equal opportunity for success, we can create an economy fuel led by one goal, a brighter future for all. Unfortunately right now we are slipping into rustle creating a world worse than before.

Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists Essay

This report is based upon the book Damned Lies and Statistics Untangling meter from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, pen by Joel take up and published by University of California crusade in 2001. Joel go around, a professor of sociology and criminal justice at the University of Delaw ar, has written a highly readable treatise on statistics, and how we can become let on consumers of the statistical information that permeates the environment in which we live.Joel Best is a sociologist and, as a result, this is not a book more or less the mathematics of statistics, entirely about its sociology. That is, a book about the ways in which swelled statistics ar generated and spread with society. The title of the book comes from Mark twains famous express lies, damned lies, and statistics, which is usually interpreted as grouping statistics with lies. A more critical title would come from the phrase figures dont lie, but liars can figure.Despite its misanthropical title, Be sts book is one of the best ways to nail how to cease being awestruck by statistics, and to start critically evaluating them. In straightforward prose filled with real world examples, Joel Best deconstructs the processes by which tender statistics ar created and take on a life of their own, primarily through blind and unquestioning repetition by the media. He also delineates how such statistics are sometimes mutated, misinterpreted, misapplied, and manipulated.In his view, there are no gross(a) statistics, just better or worse ones. Every statistic involves human choices delineate what to measure, determining how to measure it, deciding whom to count or how to count it, and choosing how to upsurge with unreported cases (the dark figure) of whatever is being counted. Not only does each statistic contain identifiable, though generally unrecognized strengths, weaknesses, and dark figures, but many an(prenominal) of the most contr oversial and heavily publicized statistics are created by race in advocacy positions.Social statistics statistics about social problems, such as prostitution or suicide are often produced by activists who are concerned about the problem, and whitethorn exaggerate it. When not produced by activists, statistics are often a product of government, which may be motivated in the opposite direction of the activists, to play down a problem. A immediate summary of the issues and topics in this book offers a mature overview of clear thought on statistical issues. Chapter 1, The Importance of Social Statistics, explains where statistics come from, how we use them, and wherefore they are important.Chapter 2, Soft Facts, discusses sources of bad statistics. Guessing, poor definitions, poor measures, and bad samples are the primary sources of bad statistics. Good statistics require good data clear, liable definitions clear, reasonable measures and appropriate samples. Chapter 3, Mutant Statistics, describes the methods for mangling b e. Most of these arise from violating the four requirements of good statistics, but a new problem arises here. While it is relatively cushy to spot bad statistics, mutant statistics require a second take of understanding.As statistics mutate, they take on a history, and it becomes necessary to unravel the history to understand just how and why they are mutant. Transformation, confusion, and compound errors create handcuffs of bad statistics that become difficult to trace and categorize. Chapter 4, Apples and Oranges, discusses the dangers of inappropriate comparison. Dangers arise when comparisons over time involve changing and unchanging measures, and projections. Comparisons among places and groups lead to problems not and in the data measured, but in the ways the data may be gathered and collated.Comparison among social problems also creates unique difficulties. Best offers logic of comparison to help the reader understand how to make smell out of good comparison and bad co mparison. Chapter 5, Stat Wars, describes the problems that arise when advocated use questionable numbers to make a case. Chapter 6, Thinking About Social Statistics, sums up Bests advice on understanding statistics dont be awestruck in the face of numbers, and dont be cynical about them, he suggests, be critical and thoughtful.

I Was Born Ugly

Not the kind of sinfulness that makes my mother turn aside in revulsion. But the immorality that makes her stare intently, taking in all rough edge and every smooth curve. Only so that she mountain sit awake at night and ask God what he was up to. The type of ugliness that you wear like a pennant even when it smells of dried sweat and stunted growth. ugliness is what made bright barbarians out of grown men. Because civilization and sanity are only opium for civilize and sane people and civilized and sane people are good-looking people. dark is what makes the painter paint, the sculptor sculpt and the writer write. Their very mankind is an act of rebellion, of contumaciousness. Art is Ugliness that helps us realize natures deficiencies and it cannot appeal to beautiful people, it offends their being, it is objectionable and unpleasant to their senses. Ugliness is what prompted negroes to march and gabble for a liberty that was supposed to be intrinsic and not care up arms . Ugliness was the fire in his bones when he stood on that podium, forsaking office and gentry and tell the truth for what it was. Yes, Ugliness was the culprit.Ugliness was the strength in her eyes when she gave that child a hug, when she held that mans pass and told that woman it was going to be alright. Ugliness was what made her go across for a cause she knew was never going to lift her out of a squalor that her family had struggled with for generations. Ugliness was what made him look at faces that opposed him and stock-still decide that he was not going to pick that stone or utter that curse. Ugliness was what made him think that his justness and freedom were for nobody if the man in the next room did not have his justice and freedom granted to him and in equal measure.Ugliness breathed in his breaths when he said an eye for an eye, and the world will go blind. Ugliness was the reason she said that if you love until it hurts there can be no more hurt only love. Ugliness w as what made that promising pupil turn his back on years of academic excellence to junction an army he was so clearly unfit for. For Queen and rustic was what he said. Ugliness was what swam in their veins when they suspended the death sentence because they believed that kind-hearted Rights were fundamental, that they were rights for not some, not a majority but every homo being.If you seek someone to blame, blame ugliness. Ugliness was what made that mother dish out the sentence against her son with every thing she had and did not have. Courage? No, that was Ugliness. Ugliness is what makes that mandarin stay true to his oaths and that wife true to her vows. Ugliness is what makes the detailed girl kneel beside her bed every night and pray for the hands that beat her. For the tongues that curse her and for a government that does not acknowledge her. Ugliness is not a beautiful thing, a beautiful thing is that which has time-tested to imitate Ugliness and failed.. Ugliness i s ugly.

North Coast Town Essay

Robert white-haireds North Coast Town is a poem that constitutes how Australia is adequate more influenced by America and how the world is filled with artificiality. He presents us with a detailed description of the town which reflects his views on the changing nature of Australia. The poem takes on the persona of a hitchhiker without every money. The first stanza duologue about how the persona gets up in the morning after dormancy on the beach.The map of descriptive language creates a visual word picture for the reader, a Shell station (with their Mens locked), The symbol of that gasoline station is of a shell yet its devoid of any authenticity towards a natural shell signifying an artificial world. The craze of quaver n roll in America made its room to Australia and having the same greasy Fifties pompadour hairstyle like Elvis Presleys was considered popular. The use of get a linery in the fourth stanza creates a visual image of the typical 50s hairstyle for the reade r. This represents the superficiality and Americas steadfast influence on Australias identity.The use of alliteration in the fifth stanza, stucco sea shells evokes a stronger sense of the towns wish of depth through its exaggerated decorations. Gray suggests that the town has lost its individuality, everything is borrowed from alien cultures. The use of metaphor, Theyre making California, highlights the fact that Australia idolizes America and argon therefore strongly influenced by them. As the persona hitches a ride, he comes to see various superficial sides of the place. The idea of Americanisation is incorporated through the visual image of the pink Tropicana motel.It reveals the towns pathetic attempt at imitating America. This represents the town peoples desperation to make money send off of tourists. The image flaps in shop fronts also symbolizes the hopeless replicas everywhere. The towns imitation of America is further enforced through use of verbs. We pass bulldozed ac res. This signifies the increase of urbanization within the settlement as their way of making California. In this poem, Gray utilizes various poetic techniques to show perspective on the artificiality and the influences of America corrupting the town.

This Emotional Life Summary

This moving-picture show talked about how and why we take on relationship with some others through family, friend and the case of lovers. In the beginning of the video psychologist, Daniel Gilbert, states that successful relationship gives us happiness. Moreover it also led to our aflame well being. On the section of family, it centre on the attachment. Children get down puzzle communicating and building relationship, in most of the time, are lack of the love. specially from the mother or care givers.When the period of crying and learning the surroundings, they have learned that they were not being conciliate attention. Also there is no one to protect and comfort them. Oxytocin a hormone plays an all important(predicate) role in social relationship because it helps format the attachment. In other words, to form a close relationship such as friends and parents it is indispensable to create that hormone. The experiment between adopted and natural mother-child had shown that natural mother-childs oxytocin increased.However the adopted one didnt. It also mentioned that it is not and the child that gets influenced by, but also the parents too. By experimenting where mothers brain work by seeing their childs emotions, stated that the part of need to pay attention have worked actively. On the next section about the friend, it focused on communication. People gets stress when they feel lonely which would led to hart disease, diabetes, accidents, and suicide.

Stone Cold

Stone cold is a check written by Robert Swindells, the plot of the story is set on deuce people, one who is homeless (Link) and one who kills because he believes that the homeless ruin the turn up (Shelter).Robert Swindells is clever at writing the story, as he switches between the cardinal characters link and shelter, the characters in the story are all different and pass by very different lives, Shelter who used to be in the multitude left after problems, now he believes that he is still in the army and is on a mission to kill people peculiarly homeless people on the paths, he makes his birth recruits and whence kills them brutally, he believes that he is making the place look tidier and cleaner.Then there is Link, Link has had a lot of trouble at home, and he has left his family and fri annihilates to lead a better life on the streets of London, though he is finding it vexed to survive, and has had trouble rationing the money he had. He finds himself in London, he barely survives as he finds a bed mate called ginger, only when ginger suddenly disappears link is all back on his own in the great city of London, then he meets Gail, but then a again like all the people he meets, he finds that she is a reporter.Robert Swindells makes this book interesting, by making the suspense last, and he uses mingled vocabulary to create an atmosphere, he brings shelter to life, he creates link by bringing him into shelter and into the insecure street life of London, he makes you nip sad and puts your feelings and puts them in the story, he makes you feel sorry of Link by showing and emphasizing that this boy is now on the streets as he has made a mess of his life.And now at the very end in London alone he lives, with a broken heart, no lover or friend, however he is now more street wise and he understands not to fall into the arms of anyone and get accustomed to soon.

Gender in South Asia Essay

These both contradictory comwork forcets atomic number 18 some women the first star is the besotted dictum which is still going on in our family and it had always been a consequence from the time of Mahabharat to the present day that women do non have the power to be an independent human being. And in the back up comment a adult female requirements to lead her flavour to her throw gibe by refuting the remote domination. She wants to caste a rebellion against the Patriarchal hegemony which creates a boundary over distaff freedom.It seems as if she wants to repudiate the above-named obsoleteen dictum. These ar twain approximations which I want to focus in my bourne paper which exists till without delay in our ordination of South-Asia in habitual and Bangladesh in particular. I want to show how South- Asian women face patriarchal oppression and how they have started to lead her life to their own accord. I want to establish these facts through Selina Hossains two short stories Motijans Daughters and The initiation of Love and Labour.I choose Bangladesh among so m any South- Asian countries because the stories from Bangladesh besides contributed to our experience of re penising the scattered and disjointed dead body of Bengali womens musical composition, we be ashamed to ac bashledge this but the fact remains that we had been largely ignorant of the extremely powerful body of womens writing from our contiguous country despite our shared inheritance of langu suppurate and culture. The distinct features of the above-menti unityd texts, both in terms of content and treatment, bring out the political, religious nd culture specifities that inform womens writing from Bangladesh.In these two stories the setting is rural and the women, who have the power to destabilize the status quo of the sexse, social occasion within village community. The purpose behind this rural setting, according to me, is be in the fact that urbanization is a accepted(p)ly recent phenomenon there. And the writers are possessing intimate links with their native villages. And I choose Selina Hossain because she is one of the more(prenominal) than or less important women writers of Bangladesh.Her deep preceptions of nature and human psyche have do her writings unique and absorbing. She in her writings depict the role of a woman in the social and cultural movement of her country. She points to the challenges faced by women, to the decisions taken by women in social and political cries. Now I want to show how two above-mentioned themes function through Selina Hossains two stories. In Selina Hossains Motijans Daughters, the central character Motijan nether goes a lugubrious marital life because of the malevolence and maltreatment of her mother-in-law Gulnur and preserve Abul.She is physically and mentally tortured and she looses her identity both as a female and effeminate. (1) She looses the very She in her. She is blamed as inferti le woman. All her desire of becoming mother is shattered by her hubby Abul as he has an illegal relationship with Rasui. So he does non care for Motijan. She is continually tortured by her mother-in-law as her start out is unable to pay the promised dowry. This dowry system is a poignant phenomenon in our society for which many women have to face tremendous torture in the first place and after their marriage.Rabindranath Tagore has shown us how Nirupama, in his written report Dena Paona had to face a smutty death as her capture was unable to give the promised dowry. unless here, Selina Hossain deviates from Tagore. Her character Motijan has transformed her self from a helpless creature incapable of steady the slightest protest to a woman who can choose the man she desires and non simply put up with her economise who abuses and ignores her. She proves her fertility by do an extra-marital relationship with Lokman and wish an Angry young woman chooses her own life to her own accord.She wants to sound out what Benares in Vijay Tendulkars Silence The Court Is In Sessoon, wanted to tell My life is my own I will do what I bid or she wants to do what the duchess of Malfi had done in websters The Duchess of Malfi. Motijan has fulfilled her desire by crossing Strategic Essecentialism (2). Kunti in Mahabharat was not able to stain macrocosm round her illicit relationship and about her son Karna but Motijan is able to do that. Motijan boldly makes public about her extramarital affair by taking two daughters in her hand. thence to Lacan all(prenominal) desire is a misrecognition. In the case of Motijan, her desire is non feminine because she negates her feminine identity of wife or Sati to become a mother. She chooses Lokman not because she loves her, she makes a relation with him only to come out from the blame of asepsis given by her mother-in-law Gulnur. Thus, Motijans desire for Lokman is ultimately misrecognised. She takes her desire for Lo kman as a weapon of rebellion by which she negates her feminine identity of wife and builds her female identity by giving surrender of two female children.Jahanara Imams The Weapon depicts not merely the trauma of a woman who is raped brutally but the specifies of her suffering acquire a new political significance as chhabiran resists the violent take-over of the territory of her body and land by Pakistani forces. As chhabiran uses her desire as a weapon like wise Motijan alike takes her desire as a weapon to rebel against her mother-in-law. Another important theme in this story is the exploitation of women by women. Gulnur is like the traditionalistic mother-in-law of our society who maintains her tradition by torturing her daughter-in-law.Inspite of being a women she continually maltreats Motijan. As the mother-in-laws are as well as tortured by their mother-in-laws, so they carry on this torture as if it is a legacy to them. moreover they actually gain exploitation not any advantage. But when they use it, it becomes negative legacy. Gulnur is doing the same. Gulnur has not judged her self as a woman. She has been influenced by the conventional tradition of our society and has judged herself as a tool of oppression. Another important theme is about the birth of female child.In Aitereya Brahaman, 6/3/7/13 from Taslima Nasreens Selected Columns it is stated that the birth of a daughter was considered a curse. Therefore it is imperative that a pregnant woman should perform so that her child may be a male. This is the concept of Vedic age and it is still now very dominant and static code in our society. And in this story same thing happens with Motijan after giving birth of two female children. Gulnur, her mother-in-law wants to drive out her from the house by claiming that family controversy will not be saved by female children.But Motijan, like a new woman retaliates over Gulnur by education the children with utmost care and pride. Her pride is equal to the heroine Hester Pryne in Nathaniel Hawthornes The orange red Letter who feels proud of her daughter Pearl. And her anger is equal to Jimmy hall porter of Osbornes Look Back in Anger. In Brihadaranyak Upanishad from Taslima Nasrees Selected Coloumns it is declared that wife must walk behind her keep up and The Satpath Brahamana directs women to follow the husband but Motijans husband Abul who is not comely of a husband even not worthy of a human being, so there is no question to follow her.Besides, his torture and his smoking of bidi keep Motijan in a Claustrophobic situation. Abul does not do the least duty of a husband. That is why she does not consider him even as a member against which she can set a rebellion. Besides, why always women should follow custody? This is totally a power play patriarchy. And according to me, every Motijan should refuse every Abul like husband as they are not worthy of being a husband. One of the synonyms of woman is bharjya one who is b orne. These is a likeness in origin between the words bharjya bhirtya a wife and a servant.Motijan is treated like bhirtya slave in her family not as a true wife. The ending of the story is significant because although the story ends, the struggle of Motijan does not end. It is just the beginning of her struggle where she will have to face more complexity from Patriarchal society. She has brought two new Motijan whom she will have to make ready to struggle against later Abuls and Gulnurs. Through the ending of the story Selina Hossain wants to tell that the revolt which Motijan has started is not the revolt of Motijan only but the revolt of every women of our South- Asian society in general and Bangladesh in particular.It is the revolt of those women who are the victims of a lot(prenominal) Patriarchal and matriarchal oppressions. And the struggle which Motijan has started is unending, there is much left wing to gain her proper right and freedom. Likewise, women of South-Asi a will have to struggle more to acquire their right and true freedom. Selina Hossains another story The macrocosm of Love and Labour shows that Amzad Mia, Fulbanus father wants to give marriage of Fulbanu to Kasem caravanserai who has already two wives, for the greed of land.In spite of being a father he considers her daughter as an element of exchangeable trade good. This is not the present concept of our society. In Mahabharat we see that Arjun told Kunti, after bring Draupadi by drawing her that he has brought a thing which he wants to give her mother. So, since the geezerhood of Mahabharat women are treated as an object not as a human being. Taslima Nasreen in her Selected Columns writes Milk,curdles,eggs and coconuts rot, so does a woman. Thus, we see that society applies the term to a woman as if she is an object.Taslima Nasreen in her Selected Columns again shows that Samartha Sabdokosh which is a wonderful addition to the Bengali language and literature, uses synonym s for a Man Purushmanush , Manab, Manush etc plot of ground for women synonyms are Stri,Meye,Ramani etc. The numerous synonyms for woman however do not mention Manush which simply means Human. But Fulbanu stops her fathers Conspiracy in order to instruct him a lesson that she is also a human being and her desire should also be valued.She marries Kasem caravanserai secretly without giving any information to her father and her family so that her father cannot get the property offered by Kasem caravansary. On the other hand she wants to teach a lesson to Kasem caravansary also. Kasem is a representative of neo-colonialism. (3) In Neo-Colonialist concept one person thinks himself to be superior without thinking what others think about him as he marries many women only to fulfil his lust without caring any body. He gives wrong notion of his practicing Polygamy that as he has no children so to save the family line he wants to marry Fulbanu.We find that it is not a recent phenomenon. In Aitereya Brahmana from Taslima Nasreens Selected Columns it is stated that a woman cannot marry more than once. Even if a man has many wives, one husband is enough for a woman. Actually there is a medical suit behind this polygamy and to prove this matter I want to refer Taslima Nasreens view, who in her Selected Columns tells that between the age of fifty and seventy many men suffer from an enlargement of Prostate Gland. This enlargement of the gland leads to an increase in sexual desire, though the end is likely to be permanent impotence.These old men, because of an enlarged gland, are suddenly fired with excessive sexual inhale and long to get them selves wives. Many try to saying these men hold a companion in their old age. They prefer to marry youthful girl rather than old woman. The case of Kasem Khan is also the same. Kasem Khan also reminds the example of Prophet Mohammed. But Fulbanu Shatters his dream of enjoying her and also proves that the two wives do not suff er from infertility. The true fact is that Kasem Khan Is impotent and for that he has no children.The Aitereya Brahmana gives from Taslima Nasreens Selected Columns unreserved praise to a woman who never Contradicts their husband. The two wives before Fulbanu blindly accept this concept. They neither refutes Kasem Khan nor try to discover the actual truth behind their infertility. But Fulbanu, like a new woman deviates from that cheap accepted norm of blindly receiving patriarchal hegemony. She gains her freedom by refuting that hegemony and hierarchy created by her father and Kasem Khan. I hope, she creates an example of freedom which will become an agenda to the girls who are the victims of such oppression.At the end of the story without caring anybody and without receiving any Talaq or split she just starts a new journey to an unknown path. She does not know what fate will awaiting her. But she frees her self from the bondage of patriarchal hegemony and now she chooses a life of free bird. She wants to find her own place to dwell in Virginia woolfs famous room of ones own where any bondage is prohibited. She wants to become the mistress of her own desire. Thus the two heroines of Selina Hossains through their tragic end ( as they both do not leade a normal happy lives ) prove the dictum either tragedy is a story of survival .They both negate the traditional gender roles which cast men as rational, strong, protective etc, while women are emotional, weak, submissive. They prove that gender is a cultural construction, not a biologic one. Men think themselves superior that is why they are superior benedict Andersons view (4). Actually they want to prove that no one is superior from the first days. Women also know how to build equality by breaking superiority . And through these stories Selina Hossain proves herself as a feminist writer.Her characters are the representatives of the contemporary fates of South-Asian women. Her private purpose has thus b ecome a public feminine issue. She prefers to cast her rebellion against the Patriarchal oppression not by Sword but by Pen and I hope, she is very much successful in this fact. Virgin Woolf in her story of Judith lamented For who shall measure the light up and violence of a poets heart when caught and tangled in a womans body ? . But I hope Selina Hossain has no reason to lament because she has created writings which is totally free from male influence.And her writing may be treated under Gynocentricism (5) Elaine Showalters Concept as she in three phases ( feminine, feminist and female ) proves that she remains a fair gentle woman through her writings. Thus, through my term paper I want to tell that the women of South-Asia partly achieved their success of independence. But if there is to be a true female independence too, much remains to be done. But the struggle which has started by Motijan, Fulbanu and Selina Hossain herself is a great achievement. Their struggle is like a t orch whose light will show path for the true right and freedom for women.

Personal Development in Health Essay

outlet 1 Understand what is required for competence in own work billet discern the duties and responsibilities of own work function.On a day to day bottom the daily jobs are as follows everyday weekly jobsAm Check property tinsVisual beat of home and outside aliment clients in Breakfast underpin Clients in getting up and showering if inevitableMedication at 9amHandover form first to Mid shift if call forSupport clients in their jobsOwn administration jobs to be completed throughout day inc SWIMS, age Sheets, Emails, objectives, my way forward etc. tie working with clients Answer phone, and complete anything as it comes inPrepare lunch and dinnerMedication at 1pmHandover to PM mental faculty at 2pm as long as is neededPM need to check money tinsCheck jobs and clean etc if neededSupport clients as needed4.45 music before M shift goes5.30 level meal is servedAny PM specific cleaning jobs9pm cat sleep shift comes on with Handover9.30 Evening Medication is given short sle ep shift checks fridge and freezer temperaturesSleep specific jobs see cleaning describe by microwaveClosing checks of planetary houseAssist clients to bed if neededOn the wider scale my job is as follows melody PURPOSETo provide circumspection and prevail to individuals residing in a Registered Care folk setting.CLIENT SUPPORT To actively strain to empower service users to gain and produce control over all aspects of their lives To brave clients with own(prenominal) care as circumstantial in care plans developed by others ensuring they are treated with dignity and detect at all times To press tasks as directed by elderly Registered Support Worker and/or suffice Manager To support clients with laundry activities To rescript food for the RCH and/or support clients with obtain To support and /or accompany clients to arrest benefits or other Continues for 9 to a greater extent pages sympathize full document in full find is free for premium users. amount to Libra ry (0) DownloadPrint Report this EssayFacebook twitterGoogle+SendRate This Document4.5 12345Read full documentFull access is free for premium users.Document flesh outViews 168Words 2433Related EssaysUnit 332 fasten in pPage 1 Kathryn Di Terlizzi Unit 332 work in personal festering in health, social care10 Pages October 2013 take on in personalised DevelEngage in personal exploitation in health, social care or childrens and young peoples settings.6 Pages October 2012Sc32 Engage in individualizedSC32 Engage in personal development in health, social care or childrens and young peoples10 Pages March 2013SHC 32 Engage in personSHC 32 Engage in personal development in health, social care or childrens and young peoples6 Pages March 2014Unit Shc22 IntroductioSHC 22 1.1 Describe and explain the duties and responsibilities of your own work role.7 Pages November 2011

Computer Development from 1970-1990

Alie province. Computerization. Employment. Mass- proceedingion. These argon around of the course associated with the introduction of reckoners into the acidify environment, mainly extraction on a ample casing basis in 1970 and continuing on to the present day era and beyond. Between the 1970&8243s and 1990&8243s, the figure turn up environment was bear uponed signifi do-nothingtly. This sign information of electronic calculating cars for utilise in attention and agate bank bill played an important character reference in the development of coursees. bleak chisels lease been constraind to deal with information carry through and throughing arrangements.Mundane, repetitive jobs cede been pushn over by ready reckoners. The computing machine has up to now been introduced to the counsel level of agate linees to back up in decision pip. All around the smirch, reckoners aro enjoyment induce common orient (Spencer 107). But what were these indust ries the likes of before calculators came to their dish outance? Obviously, commerce functioned forward to the introduction of information processing ashes of ru little. However, employees were expectd to military issue legion(predicate) projections that automation eventually make easier.These chores shed predominantly consisted of clerical job operations, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as check touch, beroll, inventory swan, deemkeeping, and so on However, automation lso taked other tasks at the industrial and focvictimization level such as seam endning, marketing reports and sales reports. al close of these tasks were executeed persona pencil and paper, or in whatever cases, the signwriter, and e precise record or other document was stored by in extend of al near filing method such as filing cabinets or book shelves.Other tasks, such as those involving the employment of apparatusry were done by hand. If a machine had to be assembled, it was assem bled using mostly- tender accumulation lines. Machines were non around to assist in universeipulation substances substance manipulation and ata reception from chemicals was similarly dealt with by hand (Stern and Stern 238). In essence, mostwhat a nonher(prenominal) tasks that were dealt with by hand were all repetitive, dangerous, or both. As one susceptibility speculate, problems then arose from the methods of handling these tasks.E really task was subject to some type of human error, whether it was a mistake in adding, a misspelling of a name or organization, the improper filing of a authoritative document, etc. At eras, employees were simply non open to put to rub down the plenty of selective development coming into their workplaces. This ca utilize companies to get behind in their operations nd records, which in duty tour yielded a loss in revenue. umteen companies fell behind in this course because of the manual bodys unfitness to accommodate for the gr owth of the patience.In turn, this bear on the management departments of vexationes, which relied upon current study from their employees in sight for them to make decisions on fourth dimension (239). Also, workers unexpectedly injured themselves in some of the dangerous work environments involving machinery and volatile chemicals, because much(prenominal) of the employees were required to work very get along to machinery or toxic chemicals, and were ot given frequently protection from the hazards created by the noxious vapours rising from chemicals or malfunctions in machinery.An practise to these problems quested to be Perhaps that solving lied in electronic calculators. They provided the solutions agate linees and industries packed to trade in repetitive and dangerous jobs. Computers were able to assist clerks in their operations. Injuries could be cut that were cause by accidents with chemicals or machinery (237). These solutions impacted the employment looking at of industry by making jobs become safer and little repetitive. Employees began to be hired to erform incompatible tasks as a forget of the counterchange in the tasks to be actualizeed (de Ferranti 70).Employees began to become snarled with computing devices in pedigree in articulate to satisfy several objectives. Systems were installed for employees to assist in the reduction of record-keeping by automating most of the functions seted by the clerks. Files were automatically inserted in their proper put together, and could be recovered from the electronic computing machines retentiveness and reviewed almost instantaneously. Also, inputting the information into the computer and go awaying it to carry through genuine operations such as adding and classification esulted in the reduction of errors in record-keeping operations.Computers to a fault assisted the management of a caller by providing omnibuss or executives with street smart information utilis e for decision making (Stern and Stern 237). Computers provided employees with a way to to a greater extent than(prenominal) apace and accu rovely bring larger mountains of business selective information, thus world expert to the comp some(prenominal) as a entire by freeing them to operate much The types of business info that numerous of these employees had to process include all the information markd by a friendship.When these entropy ar neat, their information s outputted, and is needed by the motorcoachs of the business. The managers, using these information, then establish, evaluate, and adjust the goals of the business, develop plans and standards and make the actions needed to accomplish them, and measure the effectual performance of the company and take impound action when it is needed to improve the companys performance. All of these tasks argon intrinsic to the function of any business, and the business information from them was urbane using a topic of whole step (Dorf 135-136).First, the information moldiness be separated into their hold classification. Second, the entropy must be sorted into a pre-arranged m blueprintated by the manager or some other employee convoluted in the sorting process. Third, any mathematical operations that must be performed on the information be carried out. Finally, the selective information is summarized for use in reports. subsequently the data has been summarized, it is stored for future use or retrieved. Some meter the data need to be duplicated for documents or communicated to an employee (136).These employees needed to process many different types of these data. Some of these types included scotch reception, which involved the touch on of records nvolving the reception coin owed to the company by others account payment, which handled the bear upon of the money that the company owed to others payroll, which dealt with the records of employees to be paid, the pay ra tes of the employees, the hours that the employees worked, etc. inventory tame, which encompassed the guardianship of records of healthys on hand, the quantities of the items to be ordered by the company, and the records of the items that the company had currently run out of in stock and marketing and sales, which laid from sales statistics the best combination of products to sell or a maximum get for the company. It was important that each of these types was properly processed, and the computer let ined employees to more easily process this grand variety of data that was generated (Stern and Stern 238).Because employees were more easily able to manipulate the business data they veritable, the automation of these processes in the office abideed for greater ability. Clerks were no longer induce to file documents using filing cabinets or shelves. Instead, they recorded and stored the information inside of the retentivity of a computer. Also, clerks could use word processin g systems to diminish the need to retype erroneous pages, create standardized letter heads, and maintain garner in files containing text, providing a tremendous usefulness over the use of the typewriter, which did non allow for any of these options.Sometimes letter heads did not even need to be printed rough office net light developed in the 1970&8243s allowed for the quicker transmission of information to branch offices without the approach of postage or postal operate and was likewise instant(prenominal). move information to companies by dint of the postal system took geezerhood while the ransmission of data with e-mail took mere seconds or minutes. By bountiful branch offices information more quickly, businesses enabled themselves to step-up their intersection, because they did not need to wait to receive information or reports from other offices or departments that was being sent through the mail (251-253).This increment in takings that resolutenessed from t he computer allowed for a big step in the direction of maximum efficiency for a businesses. The great efficiency potence of computers shone the brightest when their fast stimulate was use to perform reiterative tasks handling these large steps of data (Dorf 137). use large kernels of data allowed companies to better interact with one another, because they allowed companies to get more late(a) information on the production and monetary soundly-being of their competitors.The estimated augment in the amount of business transactions between companies and stack per course during the 1970&8243s was 8 to 15 per centum. The mass of data transmitted through lines was growing by a rate of 25 percent. Because the mass of data trustworthy by companies was growing, it was necessary to use computers to capitalise on Partly contributing to the increase in data was the improvements make in the ediums in which data was transmitted.As easy as needing accurate and up-to-date informati on, business managements needed information that was in addition easier to sympathize and comprehend. In order for information to be reviewed more efficiently and more comprehensively, nontextual matter systems were developed to improve the read cleverness of the information. The development of graphics in business data began in the early 1970&8243s with text-drawn images of pass on graphs and plain charts. The computer was utilized to create these graphs because it could prepare them quickly by nowadays calling upon the data inside its retrospect.Later, pictorial input/output devices were developed to demo and manipulate this data directly to some type of screen. The graphical information let out monitor was (and still roosts) the most effective method of presenting information to users. Clear and graspable information, as well as fast, accurate, and up-to-date information, is essential for the victor of the management in The introduction of computers into the managemen t environment course changed it as well.The managers of businesses adapted their techniques in order to accommodate for the changes in industry and business brought on by the computer and apitalize on the benefits. These techniques changed in several ways. For instance, executives were put into scalelike contact with the activities that they overtopled. This was because the computer enabled them to price of admission facts from databases, nowadays giving them information on the billet of the department they oversaw. In some situations, the computer even allowed executives to give instructions more quickly directly to their subordinates.Also, management was affect in each of its 3 sublevels low, in-between, and top. unhopeful management was provided with all the facts essential to the activities of the usiness such as awareness of employee activities, the availability of materials, work flow, and details about their field. Middle management was involved with the progress of t he work below its pick up. Top management concerned itself with summarized reports and analyses that were poverty-stricken of the details used by middle management.By being able to process data more quickly and accurately, the computer could be used to send the appropriate information to its corresponding level more quickly, sifting through the facts and details in the business data, and discarding useless information for each level of By being able to manage data on each level more efficiently, the life of the manager was made easier by computers. Computers assisted the manager in several other processes in any case error reduction and data handling. The quicken at which computers work helped managers deal with time management in business.In reduction the cost for an item so that more items pass on be bought by the consumer, the production time should as well be reduced and the efficiency of computers allowed for businesses to become cost-efficient. Besides being cost effic ient where production is concerned, computers also reduce the eed for a clerical workforce. clerical tasks, which tended to be more mundane, could be performed by computers. Clerical employee costs for the business could then be reduced, but this resulted in layoffs and frenzy amongst employees.This rapid, low-cost, low-error business that computers assisted managers in rails became the fuel for employees fears about computers (Dorf 136). These fears were one of the problems produced by computers. However, in addition to some of the problems it created, it also revealed new solutions. One problem in reality results from the fast rate at which computers process data. Because they process data hurried, any mistakes made due to incorrect programming leave alone be much larger since more information will train been processed incorrectly.Any manager must plan alternatives to their computerized methods just to accommodate for unexpected errors produced by unique data streaming thro ugh the computer. At many times, bugs in programs may not be realized until a certain unique type of data is entered and processed, and because of the large mass of data processed by the computer in businesses on a daily basis, it is only when a matter of time until these hidden bugs are revealed. Even though their are some oppose repercussions to using computers, businesses are made more flexible by computers because they are multi-functional and can be used to perform more than one task.Computers also allow for the establishment of reign over over manufacturing by allowing the management to more directly observe the function of the business by reviewing the data the computer returns about the status of the business (155-156). These examples illustrate how the computers impact cannot only be positive, but negative also. In order to capitalize on the positive aspects, an important factor in effective anagement with computers is detailed prep. Proper readiness can allow for t he smarter choosing of workers, the right amount of materials, etc.Computers can help planners optimize schedules by choosing the best employees for a type of job from an index. Computerized information storage and retrieval systems are capable of storing vast amounts of data in a centralized data bank that can be accessed from miles away. This allows access to the data from anywhere, letting business managements stationed in different branches of a company in different locations have access to the comparable data bank s the delay of the company.Because information does not have to physically be tiltred from one place to another, planning can take place faster and with greater In addition to being most effective with proper planning, computers are used most effectively within a business of any suss out size or larger, and are most successful in business data processing operations possessing one of the following characteristics when the business receives a large volume of data g enerated from transactions on a regular basis, when an operation is repeated many times in order to make enthronizations in ebugging, development, and improvement worth the monetary expenditure to have software updated, when the business has a need for information quickly and when the business has a need for ac impute and accurate results. However, the success of computers in a business is more dependent on the effectiveness of the management rather than on the actual hardware capabilities.Computers can be a useful tool for managements to control and guide businesses, but they must be used properly and to their fullest capabilities to ensure the success of the business to make them worth the initiatement. This investment can only be capitalized on when computers are used to their full ability. The suspension between computers capabilities and the actual use of those capabilities has been increase since computers became more prominent in businesses in the 1970&8243s and the 198 0&8243s. Computers much were used for very simplistic tasks such as mere(a) arithmetic, despite the fact that they possessed the capabilities to perform more complex tasks such as controlling manufacturing operations, optimizing the transportation of products, and improving the flavour of managerial decisions (144).In many cases, omputers have not reduced the cost of operations in a company, but have rather simply provided better data processing and better service. Basically, a simple principle can be seen in the use of the computer for business tasks if the functions of the computer are used poorly, the company may very incur financial losses. However, if the functions of the computer are used to their full potential efficiently and effectively, the financial return will definitely be positive. (145). Several cosmopolitan businesses have experienced positive financial return as a result of the utilization of computers. One of these businesses is banking.Between 1940 and 1970, the volume of check transactions in banks has change magnitude 1100 percent, which is an unbelievably large mass of data to be processed. Normally, this would be the archetypal work of a bank clerk however, because of the introduction of the computer, this immense volume can be handled with relative ease by allowing banks to process checks faster and more cost-efficiently because the computer is able to record, compute, and edit the balances of myriads of accounts in seconds by calling upon them in its memory (Spencer 107). When one went to the bank to process a check, his or her checks were utomatically processed then credited to or drawn against the individuals bank accounts in hours instead of days or weeks.This made it possible for large banks to process millions of items per day. Now, the use of computers for the day-to-day processing of customer accounts and checks has become routine (107). some other use for the processing power of computers was in the stock market, where a n immense volume of trading occurs daily. This large mass of trading creates an equally large mass of paperwork. In the 1970&8243s, sometimes the trading needed to be halted to allow factors to catch up with their aperwork. Every broker had to figure every(prenominal) transaction the day before they had to open again for business. Naturally, because they had to act quickly, brokers would also make errors.The introduction of the computer into their domain allowed brokers to process millions of accounts daily and remain in business. Also, bookkeeping errors are ever avoided with the computer (provided that the data was inputted correctly by the user), and information was even posted faster (109). Without the assistance of computers, stock transactions would not be able to occur at the rates they do today. Payrolls in business ere also significantly moved(p) by computers. Computers could generate pay reports to handle the employees of a large corporation. Because payroll involves many functions repetitively, such as earning rates, tax withholdings, net pay, year to date quantities, pay deductions, union dues, etc. it becomes a task very suited to a computers end it eliminates the time-consuming and tedious review of employee files and records (115).Factories and manufacturing industries did not escape the positive and negative influences of the computer either. It was predicted that computers would bring about a steady revolution in industry. In 1970, it was estimated that 5 percent of the GNP was produced by some fashion of computing. Despite this figure, many companies did not essentially opt for computer systems. Instead, they apply the assistance of agencies called bureaus, largely providing for managements who have opted out of computing (de Ferranti 65-66). Bureaus were companies that specialized in the management of business using the computer.Instead of actually purchasing a computer, the management of a company could employ the services of th e bureaus, which would assist them in the anagement of their companies the use of the computers the bureau used. In this way, the companies would be indirectly using computers through the bureaus to manage themselves. It was thought that the bureaus would grow more quickly than the industries they supported as a result of the large profit they received for their services. This was proven true in England, where the amount of computers purchased by 1980 was only 6 times what it had been in 1965, while the bureaus grew by a rate of 30 times. However because bureaus were very sparse in the unite States, the figure of speech of computers in ndustry expanded partly as a result of them not having to invest in the services of the bureaus.Industries tended to invest in their own computer systems in order provide their management with direct control over the industrys employees and production (66). These industries bought several types of computers in the 1980&8243s, useful for versatile t asks. One type of machine was the screw System, which was a hardware and software software package that was envisioned to perform one unique(predicate) task. As the name implies, the user turns a key and the machine operates automatically. The reward to this ystem is that it may be used without any computer expertise. The disadvantage, a rather obvious problem, is that the machine can be used to perform only one task, the task that it was indite to do.The other type of computer was the special-purpose computer, which could be programmed to perform a variety of tasks. The advantage to using this system is that it is versatile and can perform different tasks. However, the drawback is that computer expertise is required to operate and change the tasks of the system (Stern and Stern 262). Another type of computer system was Computer Aided radiation diagram ( hound). CAD onsisted of a system that was equipped with CAD software that could be used for the foundation, development, and testing of any type of equipment. It could also handle fine details in drawing, and makes use of the computers ability to measure to very small units.CAD allowed engineers of systems to do stress analyses, weight analyses, and structural analyses to be simulated on a model construction that appeared on the computer monitor. In essence, engineers could test somethings design before it was built to determine design flaws and save on cost (263). With a small variety of computerized systems to use, manufacturing also mployed the computer in its operations. In the 1980&8243s, 20 percent of all computers were being used for manufacturing purposes. Twenty- cardinal dollars were washed-out on computers for manufacturing. The ultimate goal of automating the manufactory was to, as always, maximize efficiency and minimize the need for operator intervention (254). In fact, computers controlled several activities manufacturing.One such application was called process control, which used c omputers to process the invariable flow of materials in a system such as in the production of chemicals in a chemical ingraft or oil in a refinery. The omputers were involved in measuring and correct the flow of the fluid into the tank, the pressure in the tank, the temperature in the tank, etc. As the system monitored the tank, it would inform the user of problems and sometimes would prove to fix the problems on its own (254). The effort computers were used in process control was because computers had the ability to operate and take data samples efficiently and for an infinite time catamenia (until the machine eventually broke mass years later). Also, while it was gathering data, the computer could monitor the levels of material and its attributes all the time to maximize safety.Sometimes process control systems were controlled with feedback mechanisms, which allowed them to evaluate and correct their own efficiency by adjusting their operation to meet certain criteria of ef ficiency (255). Another type of employment performed by computers in manufacturing was production control, where computers monitored, controlled, and plan assembly lines. In this situation, the computer was used to monitor the time washed-out on certain activities at given stations, mean the status of the products and tools needed for them, indicate any faulty equipment, and alert supervisors of timing problems that tend to form ueues at each station.Because computers are inanimate machines, they could be relied upon to supervise an assembly line indefinitely, which was one of the main advantages for using computers along the assembly lines. As well as having infinite patience, computers also could perform a repeated task identically, because the bring movements it was to follow were programmed into it, and unless another operator altered these instructions, it would not deviate from them. A good example of this uniformity resulting from computer use is in the use of it to moni tor and control robots in car manufacturing Computers in manufacturing yielded many benefits to companies, both tangible, and intangible.The tangible benefits included faster processing, greater accuracy, flexibility in design modifications, independent machinery which could be run unchecked for some time, cost reduction, larger output, and an change magnitude uniformity in the products produced because each was produced using the alike(p) abstract programmed into the computer which performed the task the same way every time (260-261).The intangible benefits included better timbre control, more effective scheduling of shipments, simpler lanning requirements because the machines functioned the same way every time they were run, need for a reduced inventory, and increased job satisfaction, because the workers were free to work in less mundane positions. Workers with tedious or flat jobs often had little incentive to work and this therefore impacted production.However, when the co mputer was introduced, the workers could be put to use in more interesting tasks that did not always require repetitive work. However, some factory managements were melodic line for the ideal goal of manufacturing to create the machine-controlled factory where computers would handle every step in the manufacturing process (261-262) and would be maintenanced only occasionally by manufacturing supervisors. This goal would certainly increase revenue for the company, however, it would also increase unemployment and poverty throughout the country, so it would be a very unrealistic theory that factories will ever become richly automated.The use of computers in business and industry increased dramatically over the achievement between 1970 and 1980, where it was estimated that every businessman was involved with computers and their techniques in one way or another. Such businessmen were called New businessmen because they were involved with the new field of computers, and every new busi nessman needed at least a basic association of the computer for employment. In the mid 1970&8243s, the total number of terminals installed in businesses and industry was estimated to be greater than 7000. The amount of terminals explicitly used for business exceeded 250,000 by 1980 (de Ferranti 70). The government use of computers surpassed businesses use of computers however, and was operating 20,000 machines in 1970, which means they were using 3 times the machines that the multitude were using at that time (70-71).In 1974, the Wall Street Journal conducted a come after on the computer use in businesses, surveying their subscribers. Two-thirds of the surveyed group verbalize that their companies own at least 1 computer. Ninety percent of the large companies surveyed owned a computer, and 73 percent of companies employing less than 100 people owned a computer. The leading applications used by the companies were accounting, with 76 percent sales analysis, with 46 percent and inv entory control, with 43 percent. Clearly the nations economy, as a result of the investment for computers and the use of them in industry, had been touch on (Dorf 137). Even in 1970, businesses were connected to online systems that allowed them to transfer data to other companies.The ways of accessing online services were increasing at that time, and allowed information to be inputted into one computer and sent to others in the area quickly (de Ferranti 67-68). Cable joinings were used to connect systems to local branch companies to allow for quick information transmission. By 1980, the connection speed of a computer was trinity of the time it used to take in the 1970s. This increase in connection speed led to the use of businesses spending more hours online ransmitting data. This was a big increase from the time users in plants used to spend on the phone with other companies &8212 6 minutes. This also increased a companys expenditure on phone line connections.In house machines a lso enabled the New Businessmen to transmit work to terminals in their homes and back to manipulate the information they need without having to physically transport it (70). However, none of these achievements in computers was without some cost by the United States and its population. In 1970, $25. 5 billion were played out to utilize computers for all purposes. In 1975, $51. billion were spent for the same purpose, which was a deuce-ace of what the expenditures were 10 years before. About $8. 3 billion of the $25. 5 billion spent in 1970 was spent on equipment. Managements often began purchasing computer power as if it were a utility like subjective gas or electricity. However, the revenues generated by the installations of these systems most likely offset the actual cost for the systems (Dorf 137).In essence, the machines paid for themselves by allowing the company to increase its efficiency and increase its general revenue. And what about the common working man? Computers were generally a benefit o the working man or teach employee because they provided better jobs . However, one-fourth of the computer jobs were go forth to computer specialists in the 1970&8243s. Another effect of computers on workers in the 1980&8243s was lunacy. aberration was a term used to give away those people who were directly affected by automation in jobs or in everyday life. Computers created a feeling of extirpation and dissatisfaction in them, and felt that computers would take the place of human labor and activities.A survey in the 1980&8243s revealed that almost 50 out of the 1513 people surveyed felt alienated. When omputers began to put back the jobs of some men, they lost pride in themselves. They felt that they were being told that their jobs were too low and worthless after being told that computer would be performing them. Many workers were affected emotionally because they felt that they had become subordinate to computers (Stern and Stern 266). Employers ha d to be take steps to quell the discomfort felt by some workers over the introduction of the computer into their lives. And steps were taken to prevent alienation in the workplace. A famous examine conducted by Elton Mayo and Fritz J.Roethlisberger at the Hesperian Electric Co. in Hawthorne, NJ, from 1927-1932 called the Hawthorne Experiment accidentally revealed a method of preventing alienation. Mayo and Roethlisberger were examine what balance of physical conditions, labor, and coffee breaks would maximize productiveness. However, regardless of the ways they changed the physical conditions, the productivity rose. Upon investigating by interviewing the workers, they were told by the workers that they were flattered that anyone would take notice of them and wish to do an sample that would benefit them, so they felt as if they should work their best (267). Thus, they disco