Animal Experiments

Some people think animal experimentation should be stopped because it is cruel. Others think it is necessary for the development of science. Discuss both view and give your own opinion. Animals were friend of humanity at different times of the human history. In modern times, experiments upon animals have long been a breeding ground for spirited debate. Some animal right activists argue that we should ban animal experiments altogether because putting animals through experimentation is unjustifiable on moral grounds. Yet some other people contend that the advancement of science necessitates animal testing. Personally, I believe both their views have merit and demerit. Granted, empirical evidence suggests that many animal experiments are performed callously without any attention to the discomfort or pain that laboratory mammals endure. First and foremost, improper confinement of test animals such as locking them up in cramped cages is inhumane. It can gravely disrupt natural biological functions of the test animal. Further, the effects of vaccination and vivisection conducted on live mammals can be chilling. They may, in some case, even constitute sheer torture of live animals. However, from a more pragmatic perspective, evidence bounds that animal subjects are still an indispensable part at this point. In the first place, it is manifest that drug experimentation on live mammals is far more effective than experimentation on bacteria or on other lower species in testing drug safety. In the second place, in space research, live animals are still the only practical alternative to humans in testing living creature reaction to outer-space experience on a flight not considered to be sufficiently safe for human astronauts. Lastly, lab research about the behavioral tendencies of chimpanzees, gorillas and other members of the primate group is also necessary. It produces outcomes which consistently advance anthropological and genetic studies. To conclude, I concede that experiments upon animals may induce suffering to the test animals. However, I am convinced that there are no feasible alternatives to this methodology at the current stage of scientific development. On balance, I think that we should allow animals testing to be continued but at the same time we use techniques such as anesthetic to minimize the pain of the test animal.

Mcdonald’s Business Type and Purpose Essay

McDonald’s was invented in the year 1940 and has currently about 34 000 restaurants in the whole world. Since McDonald’s was found they established loads of shops especially in Europe and America. McDonald’s is obviously a private company and is owned by a head of shareholders. It was found by Richard and Maurice McDonald’s and until today they don’t get any support by the government. Today, the company is leaded by Andrew J McKenna as chairman and Don Thompson as president and CEO of the organisation. These people are the main decision makers within McDonald’s organisational structure. This business is one of the main fast food companies in the world. This means they produce food, but get supplied by several other businesses. They are settled in the secondary and tertiary sector, cause they’re not actually producing each part of the food they sell, but they do combine products to another saleable product. McDonald’s is combining supplier’s goods to actual fast food products and I selling them. Therefore they’re settled in the restaurant sector. McDonald’s is a franchise and public limited company. Franchising a business means that the company, even though it is owned by a head of directors, they sell several shops to private people, who pay for using the companies name and selling the whole menu of this business. They still have restaurants which are actually controlled and managed by the McDonald’s company, but even the shops the franchised, they still own and control the actions and on- goings in each shop and restaurant. By franchising the companies name they give people, who want to be independent, the opportunity to find a quick start into the worlds market of restaurants. Loads of small business fail to get widely accepted and fail to make their name famous. McDonald’s is a name the public trust and it’s much easier to sell the services and goods. Independent managers of a franchised shop don’t just have to pay for using products and names, but have to stick to the companies rules and can’t produce or establish other products. Usually the franchisees are limited responsible and have limited liability for the on- goings in their shops. They are partly responsible for mistakes their employees do, but there are main subjects which lie completely on the actual business and their directeurs, McDonald’s. McDonald’s is basically raising money by selling produced fast food products and fro example franchise contracts. The owner of any franchise organisation earns money from each franchised shop. They get a fixed percentage of the income of each shop and McDonald’s gets paid for allowing other people to use their name and produce their products. Public limited company means that the organisation is owned and controlled by shareholders. They have a limited liability, because the concept of them is it to sell shares of the company. Therefore they’re no longer unlimited responsible for all their shops. They raise money by selling their shares, because the private people who buy them are able to use the product and the name of the company for their shop. In addition they raise funds by selling their products to costumers. They get profits from each franchised shop and obviously from the shops which are actually owned by McDonald’s. The profits are shared between the shareholders and the owners of the company. The percentage is fixed in a contract.

The Role of Epigenetic Events in Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Epigenetic Events in Cancer - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that most CpG sites have been lost from mammalian genomes during evolution, but in about 1% of human DNA consists of short areas where CpG sites have escaped depletion. Repetitive sequences of the human genome contain approximately 50% of all CpGs. Similar values are expected for other mammalian genomes. In contrast to CpG islands repetitive elements are thought to be constantly methylated. DNA methylation of most repetitive elements is maintained throughout development and even maintained during germ cell development. Methylated cytosines are more prone to fixate mutations compared with cytosine, C to T transitions occur frequently at methylated CpGs within repetitive elements. In consequence, this leads to an overall depletion of CpGs in repetitive elements and hence the bulk genome and an overall CpG deficit in mammalian genomes. CpG dinucleotide sequences are frequently the target of a chemical modification known as DNA methylation. The covalent modificatio n of the cytosine ring by a family of enzymes called DNA methyltransferases converts cytosines that are located 5 to guanosines to 5-methylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine has a propensity to undergo deamination to become uracil, which in turn becomes a thymidine during the next round of DNA replication if the deaminated base has not been repaired. The resulting C to T transition is mirrored by a corresponding G to A transition on the complementary DNA strand. As a result of methylation and subsequent deamination, CpG dinucleotide sequences have been progressively lost from the human genome over the course of many generations. Thus, the hypermutability of CpG sequences has led to a relative paucity of CpG sites in the human genome. The CpG dinucleotides that are the targets of DNA methyltransferases are distributed asymmetrically throughout the genome. Most regions of the genome have been depleted of CpG sites by spontaneous deamination.

Child sexual abuse is a form of harm outlined in Working Together to Essay

Child sexual abuse is a form of harm outlined in Working Together to Safeguard Children (2006). Having considered the literature related to this form of harm, a - Essay Example In the past there was a sense of shame and guilt on the child, where they were made to feel that the abuse was their own fault and that talking to anyone about the abuse they were suffering would bring shame on their families. Despite this new openness towards discussing abuse in the family the social workers are constantly facing difficulties in being able to assist those in need. Firstly the powers they are given to intervene are very limited and orders to have the child removed from the family home are only issued under the most extreme of circumstances. A further area that causes difficulties comes with having to deal with ethnic minority families. Within these families the children are often encouraged to not discuss the things that are happening in their homes. There are also cultural issues that can affect the way the child deals with the abuse they are suffering. Within some ethnic families sexual abuse of the child is in some ways regarding as normal. Some ethnic communities might regard the father of the child involving in sexual activity with the child as normal within their community. In order to protect children from abuse several pieces of legislation have been implemented. Child abuse first came under the spotlight in 1889 when the children’s charter was passed1. The aim of this was to prevent the cruelty of children by allowing the state to intervene in relationships between parents and children. Under the charter the police had the power to arrest anyone believed to be ill treating a child or to enter the home of a child they believed to be in danger. The Children’s Act 1908 introduced in Ireland made further changes towards protecting children and created juvenile courts and the registration of foster parents. Irish law went one stage further at this point in time by introducing the Punishment of Incest Act2. Prior to the inclusion of this Act the church were responsible for punishing those who committed incest. Despite legislation

Jews in Early Modern Venice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jews in Early Modern Venice - Essay Example The paper throws light on Jewish culture as well. The hurdles that the efforts on part of music composers had to go through. Most of their efforts were shunned, by the neo-religious elements of the society. There is focus on the community service and the values that prevailed in Venice; their religious practices; the stones that were thrown on them in the form of bills passed by the Vatican government; The various communities that lived within the Jews are also talked about at great length. Their origins, their impact, their whereabouts, their contributions and their status are also discussed. The Levantines, enjoyed the highest economic strata and were later even allocated a separate portion in the Ghetto. Last, but not the least, the paper also elaborates on the architecture of the ghettos as well. The interiors, the exterior, the dos and don'ts of these places called the squalos and the grandeur associated with them Venice has long been recognized as one of the most multicultural and multi ethnic niches of the world. Situated across eastern Italy, it is a unique amalgamation of 40 different islands. Its length is approximately 40 km long and it varies in breadth from 5 to 10 km. Venice has served as a safe haven for various segregated communities of all times, of refugees and of barbarians. Several islands act protect the land from coastal waters of the open sea, with 3 main inlets moving out of the estuary. It has served as the center of trade between eastern and western European countries ever since 330 A.D. and has been a haven for a vast number of communities coming from different ethnic, religious and social backgrounds. That is why; Venice has never had a pure mythical identity; but home and shelter to refugees, a negative place, and a welcome land for people escaping the barbarians. Embedded in the fabrics of their society, in the confines of the city are Jewish ghettos. Also called the Ghetto Vichhio, Ghetto Nuvissmo or Ghetto Nuovo, they are occupied by a relatively more affluent class of the Jews. Ghettos are segregated areas of the society that harbor the shunned ones. They have been preeminent havens of various societies and eras, but gained prominence during the time of the Nazis. In the days of World War II, Jews were kept in these ghettos before being transported to the death camps. Huge walls were built around the fortifications of the ghettos, to protect the community from the events like Christmas and Easter. The History of the Jews in Venice Jews came on the forefront in the tenth century. This was when documents asking for permission to let Jews embark on a ship were refused. Restrictions were relaxed on the Jews in the late fourteenth century as they were allowed to enter the city. In 1508, the Jews ganged up with the natives to help the government fight the Papals' forces called the League of Cambrai. Even though the forces of Venice lost the battle, this event marked the influx of thousands of Jews in the Venice. The crowd that swarmed in the streets of Venice, escaping the warring tribes. The conflict was resolved and Venice recovered most

AntiSemitism in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AntiSemitism in the U.S - Essay Example The Jews are clannish. They stick together and care little about others. The Jews are not to be trusted with money matters because they are too sharp in their business deals. The Jews are rich and greedy and want to dominate the world. They are not to be trusted politically. They are more loyal to themselves and their homeland, Israel than to the citizens of the country in which they live. These concepts are very harsh and hurtful towards the Jews and are often repeated and make anti-Semitism work. It is interesting to note that all of these ideas were set in the time around the middle ages and the anti-Semites of the 1920's, 1930's and 1940's still followed these concepts. Thankfully, not everyone in the world shares these views. Psychologists, historians, and sociologists began to study the origins of anti-Semitism and were trying to find something universal about it in all its manifestations. The next, and perhaps final, step in understanding the essence of anti-Semitism comes in the form of a question that these people hedged around and exposed. Is the hatred and rejection of Jews - known as Anti-Semitism since the last quarter of the nineteenth century - the same phenomenon throughout history in all its manifestations Or, perhaps, is this term simply an umbrella for all social, political, and psychological phenomena, which caught on thanks to terminological or ideological convenience After the Holocaust, there emerged three basic approaches to dealing with anti Semitism's causes. One approach proposed that there was never a real problem between the major group of people in an area and the Jewish minority that it was just a deception exploited for the benefit, be it political of social, of those in power. Proponents of this approach felt that there was no real problem, even in Germany, between Jews and non-Jews. The hatred of Jews due to a manipulation of historical prejudices and the focusing of peoples bitterness on an imagined enemy. Nostalgia and a desire to preserve and re-enforce the myth of German-Jewish coexistence tainted the formulation of this idea. Another way of investigating the origins of Jew hatred places significant portions of the blame for Anti-Semitism squarely upon shoulders of Jews, their leaders, their conduct, and their actions throughout history. As this reasoning goes, at one point in the history of Europe Jews lost the ability to perform a meaningful social function, such as artisans and money lenders, and survived off of their wealth and status. This created a real conflict between Jews and the other social classes in Europe. Had the Jews and their leaders recognized this and done something about it, Jew hatred would not have manifested itself the in the way that that it did. Unfortunately, the prevailing opinions of the day in German society no doubt played a role in developing this approach towards anti-Semitism. A third way of dealing with historically anti-semantic thoughts is completely different than the first two. It proposed that there was nothing really special about the modern manifestation of Anti-Semitism in the Holocaust. This should come as no surprise since it is a direct result of the hatred and destruction of the Jewish nation through out Gentile and Jewish history. Proof of this can be seen in the decline of Jews during the Christian period of the Roman Empire, then again in the Dark Ages during the Black Plague, and yet again in the Chmielnicki

New product development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

New product development - Essay Example They have to compete against the other giants like Nestle, Hershey’s, etc. They made the new product’s launch by increasing the promotion strategies worldwide and made a huge impression by initiating in the name of 2012 London Olympics. The product was developed after several researches. To reach the targeted customers, the group has strained on the global marketing of ‘Challenge bar’. The product development was continued initially by studying the market divisions and the current financial situations. The company was looking to other global market also. The analysis of the environment and reflection of circumstantial features of the new product is crucial in the new product development process. They should be aware of the customer’s choice while the product development. If the customers like to buy healthy refreshments than the chocolates, then there will be deprived product expansion which will slow down the returns of the Cadbury. Product development is a method of increasing the marketplace. The Cadbury stays on the product development by watching the transforming lifestyle of customer, their outlooks, and customer’s buying behavior, their flavors and fondness. Cadbury always likes to maintain a novel approach to a variety and to excite curiosity in a particular product to attract the new clients and keeping the faithful customers. The proficiency and understanding required consists of novelty, inspiration, knowledge in food science and machinery familiarity, methodical and logical skills and a good understanding of the marketplace and business. The new product development is mainly relied on the better squad effort. It takes several ideas to make a thriving product. The accomplishment of the item development at Cadbury relies on good designing comprehension by collecting data about the openings in the market. The ideas for the new products can be got from the basic research. They will study

Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder - Essay Example No one can deny that people’s standard for being beautiful is first the value of one’s facial and body form. If one is shown a photograph of Jocelyn Wildenstein’s multi-million dollar face, he would not definitely approve of her to hit even the last number in the 50 million most beautiful women list. That may be rude but sometimes we just have to face the truth of how people evaluate beauty. Of course, one would wonder why Mr. Wildenstein’s paid enormous amounts for his wife’s surgeries. That face called by many as ugly might just be the prettiest in his eyes. In this case, the saying that goes, â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder† holds true. On a general note, people value the appearance of one’s face but sometimes, the value of a person’ overall appearance can change that. The Eye of the Beholder depicts how a woman came to realize what she values more in her personal view of beautiful. The storyteller who looked at he rself as ugly sought for professional help to become beautiful. However, when the artist thought she made a very good job, the main character realized that the value of beauty to her was being herself and having an identity. Perhaps the make-up artist beamed with pride with the change that she made in the physical appearance of her customer however, she was shocked with the reaction of the customer. She said, â€Å"I look terrible† (Suh, 189). ... With this, the protagonist says she feels negated. Furthermore, she says, â€Å"I have been blotted out and another face drawn in my place† (198). For the woman, she realized that being beautiful is not being like the other women. She valued her identity and that is what is beautiful in her eyes. â€Å"Hideous† was another word the main character used to describe herself when she looked at her new appearance. â€Å"I don’t even look human†, she continued, â€Å"Look at my eyes. You can’t even see me†. Maybe the protagonist was not really being unappreciative of the work of her make-up artist. She was acting so rudely because she felt she was turned into another human being. Or perhaps she might have been talking about her inner appearance. In the first place, she was the one who went to the shop to ask for help and the help was given to her. However, she might have felt that she betrayed her self and this made her feel terrible. She did not r ecognize her self anymore. â€Å"Hideous† might have been a word she used to describe her looks but it might have also been her description of her self because of the betrayal she committed. Coming from the shop, the main character went to wash her face and when she looked once again at her reflection, she thought, â€Å"I wasn’t pretty. But I was familiar and comforting. I was myself† (190). One could understand that another thing that the character values, is being one’s self. When she was observing herself in the shop, she said, â€Å"My face had a strange plastic sheen, like a mannequin’s.† She was disgusted at her reflection and she wondered if what she did was right. She questioned her appearance and considered it being fake. She was not her self therefore

Internet protocol and VoIP security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Internet protocol and VoIP security - Essay Example Further in this dissertation we will identify strengths and weaknesses in VoIP and acknowledging areas suitable for further development. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) in simple words would be transmission of voice signal over internet such as SIP and H.323. There are a lots of other protocols which are used in VoIP technology such as UDP etc., but I think the most important of all would be SIP. This is because SIP is used by VoIP for establishing and terminating a session. So as we said SIP handles the setup, modification and responsible for ending a session between two terminals, these can be transmitted over internet using either UDP or TCP.H.323 is the standard for using audio-video protocol over the internet. It comes recommended by ITU (International Telecommunications Union). http://www.itu.int/net/home/index.aspx . VoIP is emerging as a new technology and becoming very popular. Even with this popularity VoIP has serious issues that need to be looked into. One is QoS and the other is Security. QoS is an important issue because IP was never designed to carry real time content such as voice. ( Lima et.al 2006)SIP is also an important factor of VoIP because as we know SIP stands for Session internet protocol. SIP are used for authentication create or terminate calls. SIP calls can be either established over UDP or TCP protocols. Improving security directly effects QoS. Security may also be enhanced by AES (Advance Encryption standard) is capable of using cryptographic keys of 128, 192, and 256 bits to encrypt and decrypt data in blocks of 128 bits. (CSRC 2001) Based on my research and as stated by Carrole Bassil et al in "Critical VPN Security Analysis and New Approach for Securing VoIP Communications over VPN Networks" the best security is Virtual private network (VPN) and the most VPN solution f or tunneling. VPN are created using encryption, authentication and tunneling. The basic idea behind using VPN is to have a secure network from point-to-point. VPN certainly increase the security but encryption will cause delays in VoIP, therefore the solution would be to have some kind of SLA (service level agreement) implemented in the network which can be achieved by MPLS.During my research for VoIP it was observed that a lot of works has been done from the prospective of securing the network such as using firewalls, or improving the encryption etc, but there was no attempt of securing the network and maintaining the QoS at the same time. According to Fernando Manchini Serenato and Juergen Rochol in future telecom and data network will be integrated into one and in this situation it will be important to maintain QoS. Presently most of the internet infrastructure supports only best effort service which means there are no guarantees if the information will be delivered. In this spec ific and many other articles MPLS has been discussed in general and have not been specifically used for VoIP. The major part of this project would be where I will design a solution to secure the VoIP network using IPsec tunnel, and MPLS for managing the QoS. The solution I will propose is traffic engineering with MPLS, because it plays a major role IP Network by delivering QoS as well as traffic engineering features. Manchini Serenato and Juergen Rochol believe that MPLS will very soon will be adopted in all network because different QoS of services can be implemented such as

Business Synoptic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Business Synoptic - Essay Example Strategic Posture of Nestle at Corporate Level 13 6.0. Efficacy of Nestle’s Strategic Posture 13 7.0. Alignment of Nestle’s Strategic Posture with its Management Structure and Philosophy 15 References 17 Bibliography 20 21 1.0. Linkage between Strategic Management Accounting and the Realistic Practices of Nestle According to the definition of Strategic Management Accounting (SMA), it efficiently links with the business strategy of a firm and helps to maintain and/or increase its competitiveness. Few basic attributes of the SMA process, relates with the collection of competitors’ information regarding price, products, market share and others; identifying opportunities in global market and recognising the efficacy of company’s strategic position with providing emphasis on the accounting aspects (Collier & Agyei-Ampomah, 2006). With a thorough analysis of Nestle’s case study, it can be stated that the company has achieved a sustainable and at the same time quite impressive growth with a long-term benefit to the company. Two most significant causes to stimulate growth of the company can be identified as strategic management approach and managerial accounting behaviour of the company to take a certain decision. These two theories can be evidently linked with the company’s adopted strategies, with reference to case study and fundamentals of the theory SMA. Nestle’s strategic decisions over the years have been focussed on its expansion in the global platform covering almost every economic market of the world. Thus, one of the company’s most significant strategic decisions can be identified as its aggressive expansion strategies. For instance, the company started expanding its operations worldwide since 1868 and by late 1990s, the company had already acquired the markets of 76 countries and 193 nations to manufacture and market its products respectively. Another strategic decision taken by the company was to diver sify its product lining from simple infant formulas to condensed milk, chocolates, coffee drink, soups and mineral water as well. With this strategic alliance the company was able to achieve a huge amount of profit in western economies, especially in European and the US markets. However, to imply these strategies in an effective and efficient manner the company focussed on few other factors, such as market competency, internal and external environment and others. In this regards, the company can be observed to apply a few analytical measures. For instance, as mentioned in case study, the company observed that markets of Europe and North America were particularly growing rapidly in terms of competition along with stagnant population growth. This in turn acted as a barrier to Nestle’s growth. To be specific, as the population growth was stagnant and number of market players was also increasing rapidly, there was a little scope for Nestle’s growth in the economies. Moreov er, the trends of markets were becoming much favourable for local firms manufacturing the products similar to that of Nestle’s. Realising these facts, the company initiated to expand its market in emerging markets where the population is at rise, demand for branded food items are also increasing and local competitors are also minimum. Hence, the company instigated its operations in eastern emerging countries such as China, India and others. Accordingly, the company also narrowed its market focus to basic food

The significance of Vygotsky’s theories Essay Example for Free

The significance of Vygotsky’s theories Essay There has been increasing interest in the significance of Vygotsky’s theories and methodologies in education, mainly because these were not completed and empirically tested by Vygotsky himself, and because for Vygotsky, education was â€Å"central to cognitive development† and is â€Å"the quintessential sociocultural theory. † Vygotsky’s theories have been important in creating educational change, and his formulations concerning the â€Å"surrounding situations† in education help us understand the social nature of behavior. Because of the importance of culture and social context to sociocultural theorists, they would naturally be concerned with education as it begins outside the classroom—in the â€Å"real† world. Thus, learning was studied in places where conventional thought deemed that it did not occur in. However, this does not tell much about the source of cognitive skills because of the variability of success of specific tasks, depending on the social context—the â€Å"surrounding situation. † Vygotsky believed that cognitive development per se created potentialities but that learning is required to realize them. He believed that it is important to understand the relationship between instruction and mental development to understand many aspects of teaching and learning. Vygotsky differentiated between spontaneous and non-spontaneous development—between a concept whose meaning is experienced and that whose meaning needs to be explained systematically, for example. The issue of diversity is a considerable challenge to sociocultural theorists today. Sociocultural theories can help in teaching socially and culturally diverse learners. The Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition (LCHC), an institution which has made significant contributions to sociocultural theory, has helped in testing, analyzing, and expanding ideas on the social nature of human thought. Two of the LCHC’s most important products are the Fifth Dimension, a computer-based curriculum for academically challenged students, and La Clase Magica, an offspring of the Fifth Dimension focused on diversity. The idea of the social nature of human thought has existed for a long time, although it was Vygotsky who â€Å"solidified† the whole paradigm. Socio-cultural research on education is in its early stages. The increasing diversity in the world of education means that researches will need to work with many cultures in mind, and will need to collaborate across cultures. It can be expected that knowledge of the social nature of thought and its relationship to education will increase an necessary to accommodate the rapidly changing realities of modern times.

Friends Essay Example for Free

Friends Essay A friend is someone who is helpful and kind. A friend is someone who you know and like and who likes you too. A friend is not an enemy. I have many different friends. Friends at school, at church, at sports and even overseas. Friends are special to me. Today, I want to share with you why friends such as all of you, are important to me. Body Firstly, friends provide me with support and courage. They laugh with me when I am happy. They cheer me on when I am in a race. When I win, they celebrate with me. For example, last year, at the Athletics Carnival, we all supported each other in our races. Friends cheer me up when I am sad. They try to make me laugh by entertaining me or tickling me out of my sadness. When I am hurt or feel sick, they care for me. When I have a problem or when I am struggling, they help me out. For example, when I lost my school hat last year, Hannah and Luke helped me look for it after school. I had searched for it everywhere and was ready to give up. But then, Luke spotted a hat which had been blown way out into the oval by the wind. He ran to pick it up and thankfully, it was my missing hat. I do not feel afraid or lonely at school because of my friends. I know they will stand up for me if I get bullied and they will stay by my side. Secondly, friends help me learn and try new things and ideas. Conclusion Friends are important to me. They support me, help me learn and most importantly, are honest with me and care for me. I think it is important that we treat our friends well, with respect and kindness, just like how they treat us. I am thankful for the many wonderful friends I have here at my Public School .

Task 1.2 Analysing the historical land marks of Social and welfare

Task 1.2 Analysing the historical land marks of Social and welfare policies of past and present, explain how the quality of life for the service users have improved over time: P1.1: Identify key historical landmarks in social welfare, focusing on the period up to 1945: The Key historical landmarks in social welfare focusing 1945 period were: In 19th century it was the role of religion, the voluntary sector in welfare. And in early 20th century Liberalism and the foundations of British welfare, votes for women.Let us analyse the historical landmarks of Social welfare policies for a period of upto 1945. 1901 Seebohm Rowntrees first study of poverty in York, Poverty: a study of town life 1903 Charles Booths study of poverty in London, Life and Labour of the People of London (1906 1912) THE NEW LIBERALISM: To make people liberal in their living.It is said by Lloyd George that We will draw a line below which we will not allow people to live and labour 1906 School Meals Act 1908 Old Age Pensions Act: means-tested pensions from age 70 1909 The Peoples Budget: super tax introduced, child tax allowances introduced 1911 National Insurance Act: sickness insurance and limited provisions for unemployment (1913 -1941) CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT: It mainly focuses on dealing with problems individually.Beveridge Report goes this way: In all this change and development, each problem has been dealt with separately, with little or no reference to allied problems. 1920 Unemployment Insurance Act: non-manual workers included. 1925 Widows, Orphans, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act: first national scheme of contributory pensions 1936 J.M. Keynes General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1940 Old Age and Widows Pensions Act: pension age for women reduced from 65 to 60 (1942 1945) TOWARDS A BEVERIDGE WELFARE STATE: Contributing for the welfare of the people.Beveridge Report goes this way:It is, first and foremost, a plan of insurance of giving in return for contributions benefits up to subsistence level, as of right and without means test, so that individuals may build freely upon it. 1942 Sir William Beveridges Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services 1943 Juliet Rhys Williams work-tested Citizens Income The Beveridge Plan,will have the effect of undermining the will to work of the lower-paid workers to a probably serious and possibly dangerous degree. The prevention of want must be regarded as being the duty of the State to all its citizens, and not merely to a favoured few Family Allowances Act:  £0.25 a week for each child after the first. P1.2 Outline evolution of health and social care policies following World War II until 1979: This is the time during the war when the government got committed to full employment through the Keynesian Policies, free universal secondary education, and the introduction of secondary allowance. 1946 National Insurance Act:Has flat-rate NI benefits.Provided a comprehensive system of unemployment, sickness, maternity and pension benefits funded the by employers and employees, together with the government . 1948 National Assistance Act: Poor Law got abolished 1955 Richard Titmuss Eleanor Rathbone Lecture on the Social Division of Welfare: The tax saving that accrues to the individual through income tax allowances is, in effect, a transfer payment 1959 National Insurance Act: graduated pensions got introduced 1962 Milton Friedmans Capitalism and Freedom includes negative income tax proposals 1965 Poverty rediscovered: The Poor and the Poorest, Brian Abel-Smith and Peter Townsend 1966 Supplementary Benefit replaces National Assistance.Rate rebates got introduced. 1971 National insurance invalidity benefit got introduced.Family Income Supplement (FIS) introduced (and with it the poverty trap) 1972 Heath Governments Proposals for a tax-credit scheme.Tax credits become Conservative policy. First national scheme of rent rebates (and higher rents) 1975 Social Security Pensions Act: State Earnings-Related Pensions (SERPS). Earnings-related national insurance contributions introduced at 5.75% 1976 One-parent benefit got introduced 1978 Meade Report on The Structure and Reform of Direct Taxation includes a chapter on Social Dividend. SERPS gets implemented. 1977-79 Tax-free child benefit phased in, replacing taxable family allowance and child tax allowances. P1.3 Outline health and social care policies from 1979 to the present day: (1979 90) TOWARDS A RESIDUAL WELFARE STATE: It was said by Margaret Thatcher that We offered a complete change in direction. 1980 Social Security Acts 1 and 2: Instead of earnings pension upratings got linked to prices. Education Act: Local Education Authorities allowed to choose whether to provide school meals: fixed prices and national nutritional guidelines got abolished. 1982 National insurance contribution increased to 8.75%. Earnings-related supplements with national insurance unemployment and sickness benefit cease to operate. 1983 First official reference to Basic Income in the report of the Meacher sub-committee of the House of Commons Treasury Select Committee.National insurance contribution increased to 9%. National insurance sickness benefit replaced by statutory sick pay. Rent/rate rebates got replaced by housing benefit. 1984 Basic Income Research Group formed.Child dependency additions with national insurance unemployment benefit cease to operate. 1985 Norman Fowlers Social Security Review. Billed as the most fundamental since World War II, but did not examine integrated systems. 1986 Social Security Act: Three major Bills in one (Got effective from April 1988) 1987 National insurance maternity grant replaced by statutory maternity pay. Payment of half and three-quarter rate national insurance unemployment benefit ceases. 1988 Tax cuts and benefit cuts.Top rate of income tax down from 60% to 40%. Standard rate of income tax down from 27% to 25%.The withdrawal of income support from most 16-17 year olds.Cuts in housing benefits, SERPS and national insurance widows pensions. Maximum rate rebate limited to 80% of liability.Child benefit frozen.Income-tested Family Income Supplement replaced by means-tested Family Credit. Free school meals restricted to families on Income Support. 1989 Child benefit frozen.Abolition of pensioner earnings rule.Social Security Act introduces actively seeking work test. 1990 Liberal Democrats Conference votes for Citizens Income.Independent taxation of husbands and wives introduced, but with married couples allowance for husbands Child benefit still frozen. (1991 1996) CUTS AND TINKERING: Peter Lilley said,The changes I have announced today will help shift the balance back to a benefit system that does not discriminate against married couples, and which aims to reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work. 1991 Child Support Act introduced.Benefits Agency established. Child benefit unfrozen. 1992 Disability living allowance replaces mobility allowance and attendance allowance for the under-65s. Disability working allowance introduced.Additional minor reforms of disability benefits. 1993 Peter Lilley launches sector by sector review of social security. 1994 Budget introduces welfare to work measures to ease transition into paid work and encourage full-time work.Introduction of child care allowance for certain parents claiming family credit and related benefits. 1995 Incapacity Benefit replaces Sickness Benefit and Invalidity Benefit.Phasing out of additional assistance for lone parents.Cuts in housing benefit for young people Pensions Act reforms occupational pensions, reduces value of SERPS, extends scope of personal pensions, and equalises pension age for women born after 5th April 1955 (with phasing in from 60 to 65 for those born after 5th April 1950). Cuts in housing benefit and in help with mortgage interest for income support claimants. 1996 Jobseekers allowance replaces unemployment benefit and income support for the unemployed.Contributory benefit is paid for 6 months instead of 12 and the level is reduced for 18-24 year olds.The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996, introduces restrictions on benefits, housing and employment for asylum applicants. (1997 2008) NEW LABOUR: Tony Blair said In future, welfare will be a hand-up not a hand-out 1997 Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister. First Labour government for 18 years. 1999 Family Credit replaced by Working Families Tax Credit (WFTC) and Disabled Persons Tax Credit (DPTC).Winter fuel payments of  £100 per year for those aged 60 or over introduced. Payments are not means-tested. 2000 Benefit entitlement for new asylum seekers ends. 2001 Childrens Tax Credit introduced a tax allowance for those with children. Bereavement benefits reformed so that widowers as well as widows entitled to benefits when their spouses die. 2002 State Second Pension replaces SERPS. Carers and those with children under 6 become entitled to credits in accruing pension rights. 2003 Child Tax Credit (CTC) and Working Tax Credit (WTC) replace WFTC, DPTC and Childrens Tax Credit. Payment depends on a claimants annual income and is assessed annually unless there are certain changes of circumstances during the tax year.WTC includes payments for childcare but only up to 70% (later 80%) of the childcare costs and a maximum limit.9 out of 10 families with children qualify.Pension Credit introduced, replacing income support for people aged 60 or over.Guarantees a minimum income for pensioners and often paid to top up state retirement pension.Work-focused interviews for benefit claimants introduced. Claimants for certain benefits are required to participate in an interview with a personal adviser in order to meet entitlement conditions. 2005 Civil partnerships introduced for same-sex couples. Cohabiting same-sex couples treated in the same way as heterosexual couples for benefit purposes rather than as two individuals. 2006 The Governments White Paper Security in Retirement proposes an increasing retirement age, personal savings accounts, and a basic state pension uprated in line with earnings from 2012.Winter fuel payments increased to  £200 ( £300 for a person aged 80 or over). 2007 The House of Commons Work and Pensions Committees report on Benefits Simplification recommends a Single Working Age Benefits and publishes a costed Citizens Income Scheme in its evidence. 2008 Welfare Reform Act 2007 comes into force. As well as making minor changes to benefit legislation, it introduces a Local Housing Allowance to simplify Housing Benefit for privately rented tenants. The Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) replaces Incapacity Benefit and Income Support paid for new claimants on the basis of incapacity for work. Claimants face tougher tests before being granted ESA which also makes the benefit system even more complicated. M1.1: Analyse and express your views. Welfare services comprises of social security, which makes different provisions against disruption of earnings due to sickness, injury, old age or even unemployment. They take the forms of unemployment and sickness benefits, family allowances as well as income supplements that is being provided and financed through the insurance schemes of the government. During 1945,the government was committed to full employment through the Keynesian Policies, and introduced free universal secondary education, and the introduction of secondary allowance.Family allowances, a national health service and full employment were the main considerations during that time.Many policies provided a comprehensive system of unemployment, sickness, maternity and pension benefits funded the by employers and employees, together with the government. Another important aspect that needs to be considered for the social and health welfare in the UK is the social citizenship model.The issues regarding the social citizenship model was not a challenge in the anticipation of the emergence of the  Conservative Party leader in 1975 and the Prime Minister in 1979.  After 1975 the government actually promised low taxes, less state intervention, as well as lower levels of public spending. In the theory it involved, vital cuts in the welfare spending. But at present,policies reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work. New Labour and social inclusion, important legislation and health and social care initiatives begin to take over the society with which we live in. D1.1: Critically compare and explain the facts: Upto 1945 Till 1975 At Present It deals with role of religion, the voluntary sector in welfare. Also dealt with free universal secondary education. Sickness was a primary cause of pauperism, and the Poor Law authorities began to develop infirmaries for sick people. It deals with policies regarding welfare state. Beveridge report is based on three assumptions:family allowances,health service,full employment.Other than this it was during this period the Insurance,Pensions,Tax credits,Family Income supplement etc was introduced as benefits to the common man. It deals with New Labour and social inclusion, important legislation and health and social care initiatives,New Rights and Thatcherism.Also the changes done by Peter Lilley announced that today will help shift the balance back to a benefit system which aims to reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work Task 2.1: Explain and analyse the process of key acts coming through the parliament to become the policy of the government. Explain in terms of Health and Social policy. Analyse the influential factors which shapes the key themes and concepts in a parliamentary act. Evaluate the impact on service users once an act becomes the policy/law. P2.1: Identify and analyse the processes involved in development of a key Act of Parliament: An Act of Parliament creates a new law or changes an existing law.Also Acts are Acts of Parliament which have been given Royal Assent. All Acts of Parliament start life as a Bill which must pass through Parliament. These must be distinguished from Private Members Bills which are Public Bills proposed by backbench MPs. Public Bills originate from a number of different sources.It may arise from government, civil service, government agencies, political parties, committees, enquiries, legislative process, green/white papers, debate.The Government decides whether or not to agree to these proposals and put them before Parliament. Once a department has decided that it wishes to ask Parliament to pass legislation on a certain topic, it will undergo a consultation process with interested parties. The extent of this process will differ depending on the complexity, importance and urgency of the matter. It may take many months or a few days. The first stage is often a consultation document calle d a Green Paper which sets out in general terms what the Government is seeking to do and asks for views. Once these are received and taken account of (or not) the Government will produce a White Paper, which sets out the proposals decided upon and the reasons for the legislation. These two stages may be contracted into one.These stages are not fixed by formal rules and are subject to change. For example, it is increasingly common for draft Bills to be drawn up and circulated for consultation before being formally laid before Parliament, an example being the Mental Health Bill 2002. Occasionally Bills are scrutinised by the Parliament.In terms of Health Social department ,health policy is a set course of action (or inaction) undertaken by governments or health care organizations to obtain a desired health outcome.The overall health care system, including the public and private sectors, and the political forces that affect that system are shaped by the health care, policy-making proc ess. Public health-related policies come from local, state, or federal legislation, regulations, and/or court rulings which govern the provision of health care services. Nurses are very familiar with institutional policies including those developed and implemented by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Policy making takes place in a wide variety of settings ranging from fairly open and public systems. The location of decision making in the public or the private sector, the scope of the issue, and the nature of the policy all have an impact on the characteristics of a policy. Since a basic understanding of the policy process is the first step in strategizing how to activate potential power and influence meaningful changes in the health care system, We will discuss the three phases of policy making. Basically there are three phases of policy making: the formulation phase, the implementation phase, and the evaluation phase. During the formulation phase th ere is input of information, ideas, and research from key people, organizations, and interest groups. At this point the issue is framed; the purpose and desired outcomes are clearly identified strategies most appropriate to the desired outcome are selected; and needed resources are identified and planned. The implementation phase involves disseminating information about the adopted policy and putting the policy into action. In this phase, the proposed policy is transformed into a plan of action. The policy process also includes an evaluation and modification phase when existing policies are revisited and may be amended or rewritten to adjust to changing circumstances. P2.2: Analyse the factors that influenced the key themes and concepts in the Act: Health depends on a number of factors, including biological factors, environmental factors, nutrition, and the standard of living.The main factors currently affecting peoples health in the United Kingdom include smoking, bad diets, alcohol, and lack of exercise. While the British government has worked to reduce the influence of these factors, only the people themselves can put an end to them by changing their attitudes toward health.Apart from these many other factors act as influential factors which shapes the key themes and concepts in a parliamentary act. Evaluation and evidence are not the only factors that influence policy making and service delivery.The experience, expertise and judgement of policy makers, and those people who have responsibility for planning and delivering policies and public services, are important factors in the policy making process. So too are the finite resources that are available for policies, programmes and projects.The values and value system within which contemporary politics take place are also contributory factors to the policy making process.This includes beliefs, ideologies, and party manifesto commitments. Policy making also involves habitual and traditional ways of doing things that may sometimes defy rational explanation yet nonetheless exist and often define what can and cannot be done in making and implementing policy. The influence of lobbyists and pressure groups on policy making also paves an important way to reach the target. The policy making process can be strongly affected by unforeseen circumstances and contingencies, the response to which can sometimes be opportunistic rathe r than well thought through, soundly evaluated, and evidence based. P2.3: Evaluate the impact of the Act on service users: Generally, as the function of health and social care, it can be concluded as a body which provide services that relates to care services but the two bodies are separated in term of governing, policies, act, and so on. The UK government are concerned with the separation of social and health care. Because of the separation, it cause a major problem such as service fragmentation, higher cost of treatment and problem in continuing care after discharge from the hospital.Reflecting to this problem, the UK government has put a priority in integrating these two entities.The Govt organization can ensure better benefits to service users by having benefits to: Strategies for health promotion Health and safety Manual handling Data protection Food handling Care practice Mental health Children Disability Task 2.2: M2.1: Critically analyse and explain how political leaders leading the country through economic hardships and recession in the aftermath of World War 2 and leading to the World War 2, made key improvements through parliament acts for their people. Also political leaders leading the country through economic hardships and recession in the aftermath of World War 2 and leading to the World War 2, made key improvements through parliament acts for their people.Political leaders introducing few other acts to make key improvements in parliamentary acts.They were: Health Act 2009: It proposed measures to improve the quality of NHS care, the performance of NHS services, and to improve public health.   Health and Social Care Act 2008: It contains significant measures to modernise and integrate health and social care. The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007: It is an Act to make provision, with respect to local government and the functions and procedures of local authorities and certain other authorities; with respect to persons with functions of inspection and audit in relation to local government; to establish the Valuation Tribunal for England; in connection with local involvement networks; to abolish Patients Forums and the Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health; with respect to local consultation in connection with health services. Health Act 2006: It is an Act to make provision for the prohibition of smoking in certain premises, places and vehicles and for amending the minimum age of persons to whom tobacco may be sold; to make provision in relation to the prevention and control of health care infections; to make provision in relation to the management and use of controlled drugs; to make provision in relation to the supervision of certain dealings with medicinal products and the running of pharmacy premises, and about orders under the Medicines Act 1968 and orders amending that Act under the Health Act 1999; to make further provision about the National Health Service in England and Wales and about the recovery of National Health Service costs. Task 2.3 D2.1 Critically explain and analyse how person centred care could be improved for the service users with the on-going policy changes from the government. Why is it important for the political sector of the country need to evaluate and understand the final impact towards the service users before processing those social acts through parliament? Most major public policies are subject to modifications in a incremental fashion. Making smaller changes in existing policies are usually less controversial than making major changes as they require less understanding of comprehensive relationships and less effort to achieve. An example of incrementalism in health policy can be seen in the many changes that the Medicare Program has undergone since its enactment in 1965. A change to the program of importance to advanced practice registered nurses came in 1998, when the U.S. Congress added nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists as providers who can bill for Part B services they provide to Medicare beneficiaries. Since then, Congress has tweaked Medicare program many times and added a number of preventive services to the Medicare program. Most recently Medicare Part D, an optional prescription drug program available for Medicare beneficiaries, has been added. If we think about why is it important for the political sector of the country need to evaluate and understand the final impact towards the service users before processing those social acts through parliament,the Govt is actually responsible for.That needs to be understood first. As any health care issue moves through the phases of the policy process, from a proposal to an actual program that can be enacted, implemented, and evaluated, the policy process is impacted by the preferences and influences of elected officials, other individuals, organizations, and special interest groups. These different factions do not necessarily view the issue through the same lens and often have diverse and competing interests. Added into the mix are the partisan agendas of the two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans.The political party holding the majority usually has the political advantage.Decision makers rely mainly on the political process as a way to find a course of action that i s acceptable to the various individuals with conflicting proposals, demands, and values.As a general rule, any policy involving major change, significant costs, or controversy will be relatively more time consuming and difficult to achieve and will require the use of more political skills and influence than will policies involving less complex changes. Throughout our daily lives, politics determines who gets what, when, and how. Political interactions take place when people get involved in the process of making decisions, making compromises, and taking actions that determine who gets what in the health care system. Special interest groups and individuals with a stake in the fate of a health care policy use all kinds of influencing, communication, negotiation, conflict management, critical thinking, and problem solving skills in the political arena to obtain their desired outcome. Task 3.1. Explain the current policy initiatives in Health and Social Care and evaluate the impact on service users. Analyse the differences in formation and adaption of social policy initiatives from other national perspectives. P3.1: Identify current policy initiatives in all health and social care. The Department of Health social care works to define policy and guidance for delivering a social care system that provides care equally for all, whilst enabling people to retain their independence, control and dignity.Government strategies and policies aimed at providing a broad range of health care services and facilities.Other current initiatives include complementary health settings, or public health arenas,with children, older people or those with disabilities.Apart from these initiatives there are also few that act as policy initiatives in all health Social care facilities.They are disability,gender, ethnic issues, community care,poverty and social security, crime and criminal justice, health and health services. For promoting health the initiatives that need to be taken are labelling regulations to inform consumers of nutritional content of foods,Educational campaigns to promote healthy diets and special programmes targeted to children,Promotion of consumption of fruits and v egetables for the general population,Fruit and Vegetable distribution programmes for school children.Also there is a chance where there will be multi-agency partnerships that creates many job opportunities in line with government initiatives to address health improvement, health inequalities and social exclusion, the health of children, young people and families, care and wellbeing of older people, those suffering from mental health problems and community development.This inturn gave rise to increased employment opportunities in these Health Social care.Child social care, like many public services is under pressure to make financial savings, greater use of resources and effective working practices are essential if the sector is to continue delivering high quality care.Other Initiatives may be Employee related initiatives: Increasing skills employability of unemployed people,working Family tax credit,National Minimum wage Area Focused initiatives: Health focused zones Initiatives to tackle social exclusion:National Strategy for Neighbourhood renewal (Hunter, 2003,58) P3.2: Evaluate the impact of these policy initiatives on service users The United Kingdom Government uses a wide range of evaluation methods to ensure that policies, programmes and public services are planned and delivered as effectively and efficiently as possible to the service users.A major driving force for high quality policy evaluation in U.K. is the Governments commitment to evidence-based policy making. This requires policy makers, and those who implement policies, to utilise the best available evidence from national statistics, academic research, economic theory, pilots, evaluations of past policies,commissioned research and systematic consultation with delivery agents.The Governments strategy for public spending and taxation also provides the context within which policy evaluation takes place in the U.K. The UK Government has undertaken, and is currently undertaking, a number of randomised controlled trials of policy initiatives. In the field of labour market and welfare policy, the Restart evaluation (1990) randomly allocated unemployed people to a compulsory major interview at 6 months unemployment to see if this had the effect of successfully reintroducing them to the labour market. This is one of the largest and best-known randomised controlled trials in U.K and it established a clear and positive impact on exits from unemployment with lasting effects still. P3.3: Analyse the differences in formation and adaption of social policy initiatives from other national perspectives The social healthcare policy initiatives emerged as a distint area in the UK in the early 20th century.To make a civilized society by provision of welfare benefits to the citizens ,irrespective of their ability to pay for them and aim for universal health service,pensions state education. In USA health care is been controlled by private occupational insurance schemes with the state playing no part.It is the same with Japan. In Western Europe there are health care systems that are run by both private state run insurance schemes. In wales it maintains the patient centered focus and answerable to all citizens of the state.Also it involves the communities in the development of the policies for healthcare. So many health problems are prevented before they start of. In Scotland the plan is an contract between the government the individual citizen. The English policy is straightforward.It ensures commitment to improve the health service rather than the policy itself.It is a contract between govt,service the customer. In Welsh document it is based on the notions of community enhancement community capacity building.But it is absent in English Scotland documents(Adams, Robinson, 2002:63-65). Task 3.2 (M3.1): Critically analyse the contemporary policy developments in Health and Social Care. How would you expect these policies could improve quality of life of your service users under your care at a facility? The policies can improve the life of the service users by participating in the interest groups,such as patient organizations.And it paves the way for influencing healthcare as a representative in parliamentary system.Participating in public hearing processes,participating as members in publicly appointed boards councils. Task 3.3 (D3.1):<

Migration: Pros and Cons :: essays research papers

Migration has been an on going phenomena from past to present. Individuals, families, or groups of people may leave a country voluntarily or involuntarily because of events: harsh environmental or economic conditions (disease, crop failure, excess population), religious persecution, "ethnic cleansing," war, genocide. Or they may be enslaved and taken to a foreign country. Migrants may seek better jobs, freedom, or to preserve their very lives. There is a wide spread perception shared by big business and the government that a country needs immigrants, first to take certain low paid jobs which the existing population decline to take, second, and more importantly, to overcome skill shortages in the country. Immigrants are then, seen as playing an important part in enabling the Government to achieve sustainable economic development. The effect of immigration on unemployment is negligible and that migrants create at least as many jobs as they fill. Migrants may increase unemployment in certain areas, but this is compensated by their raising the overall level of demand, like housing and household-related goods, needs etc. This promotes both a higher level and a wider range of goods and services produced, stimulating the economy and job growth. Migrants also bring new skills and experience to the recipient country. They help to reduce labor shortages for skilled personnel, and also attract international traders through their fore ign knowledge and language skills. Skilled migrants also do not earn a cost to government in education or training, because most migrants come in their youth (20-39), means that they pay the taxes that will help sustain ageing population (mostly in MEDC’s). One main problem is that the movement of skilled personnel from LEDC (developing countries) to MEDC (developed countries), termed the â€Å"brain drain†, can have a harmful effect on the donor countries, this emigration deprives the donor country of the skilled manpower that they need. Emigrants can however, assist their country of origin in various other ways: a) bank deposits – external accounts maintain in the donor country which are financial investments in the donor country economy. Migration: Pros and Cons :: essays research papers Migration has been an on going phenomena from past to present. Individuals, families, or groups of people may leave a country voluntarily or involuntarily because of events: harsh environmental or economic conditions (disease, crop failure, excess population), religious persecution, "ethnic cleansing," war, genocide. Or they may be enslaved and taken to a foreign country. Migrants may seek better jobs, freedom, or to preserve their very lives. There is a wide spread perception shared by big business and the government that a country needs immigrants, first to take certain low paid jobs which the existing population decline to take, second, and more importantly, to overcome skill shortages in the country. Immigrants are then, seen as playing an important part in enabling the Government to achieve sustainable economic development. The effect of immigration on unemployment is negligible and that migrants create at least as many jobs as they fill. Migrants may increase unemployment in certain areas, but this is compensated by their raising the overall level of demand, like housing and household-related goods, needs etc. This promotes both a higher level and a wider range of goods and services produced, stimulating the economy and job growth. Migrants also bring new skills and experience to the recipient country. They help to reduce labor shortages for skilled personnel, and also attract international traders through their fore ign knowledge and language skills. Skilled migrants also do not earn a cost to government in education or training, because most migrants come in their youth (20-39), means that they pay the taxes that will help sustain ageing population (mostly in MEDC’s). One main problem is that the movement of skilled personnel from LEDC (developing countries) to MEDC (developed countries), termed the â€Å"brain drain†, can have a harmful effect on the donor countries, this emigration deprives the donor country of the skilled manpower that they need. Emigrants can however, assist their country of origin in various other ways: a) bank deposits – external accounts maintain in the donor country which are financial investments in the donor country economy.

Nazi Use of Darwinism Essay -- History, Politics, The Treaty of Versa

After the Great War in the nineteenth century, European nations had a difficult time finding economic stability. Germany took full responsibility for starting World War I and by signing the Treaty of Versailles, Germany agreed to give up huge portions of territory and pay reparation to victorious allies. The harsh principles which were outlined by the Treaty of Versailles made economic stability in Germany difficult to achieve and caused Germany to suffer from inflation and the Great Depression. Unemployment and the fear of communism allowed Adolf Hitler to rise to power in 1933. Before Hitler came to power, he spent nine months in jail where he wrote his autobiography Mein Kampf (My Struggle), where he mentions how Darwin’s theory of evolution was the only basis for a successful Germany. He sets forth a number of evolutionary ideas such as; struggle, survival of the fittest, and extermination of the weak to create a better society (Bergman.) Unable to accept Germanys defeat i n the Great War, Adolf Hitler convinced the German people they had been defeated from within-or stabbed in the back by Communist, Socialists, liberals, and the Jews. These â€Å"races† became scapegoats in Germany, and that is how they were constructed as the â€Å"inferior race.† These groups of people, especially the Jews, were not even considered human. With the belief of an inferior race, came the belief of a superior race, which were the self-proclaimed Germans. Concentration camps were created in Germany to separate the inferior race, or the non-Germans from the Germans. It was believed that the inferior race was contaminating the German gene pool. Social Darwinism is a term used to describe ideologies which compare Darwin’s ideas of evolution to social scienc... ...lf was an atheist, although Bergman cannot speak for a group of people who believed what Hitler said to be true. If Hitler was an atheist it further validates the point I am trying to make, Hitler indeed used Darwin’s ideas to justify his actions along with creationist ideas. Bergman unable to acknowledge the fact Hitler used manipulation and propaganda to encourage Nazism, was quick to attack the ideas of evolution. Now I shall ask, is it fair to say Hitler was a creationists because he used god in his speech, thus creationism is equivalent to Nazism? Better yet, if the Nazis did not believe in a god, would the holocaust have occurred? Now, do not be fooled by my last statement, I do not believe creationism is the cause of the holocaust. However, I am trying to prove that Bergman’s argument about Darwinism is just as foolish as my previous statement. Nazi Use of Darwinism Essay -- History, Politics, The Treaty of Versa After the Great War in the nineteenth century, European nations had a difficult time finding economic stability. Germany took full responsibility for starting World War I and by signing the Treaty of Versailles, Germany agreed to give up huge portions of territory and pay reparation to victorious allies. The harsh principles which were outlined by the Treaty of Versailles made economic stability in Germany difficult to achieve and caused Germany to suffer from inflation and the Great Depression. Unemployment and the fear of communism allowed Adolf Hitler to rise to power in 1933. Before Hitler came to power, he spent nine months in jail where he wrote his autobiography Mein Kampf (My Struggle), where he mentions how Darwin’s theory of evolution was the only basis for a successful Germany. He sets forth a number of evolutionary ideas such as; struggle, survival of the fittest, and extermination of the weak to create a better society (Bergman.) Unable to accept Germanys defeat i n the Great War, Adolf Hitler convinced the German people they had been defeated from within-or stabbed in the back by Communist, Socialists, liberals, and the Jews. These â€Å"races† became scapegoats in Germany, and that is how they were constructed as the â€Å"inferior race.† These groups of people, especially the Jews, were not even considered human. With the belief of an inferior race, came the belief of a superior race, which were the self-proclaimed Germans. Concentration camps were created in Germany to separate the inferior race, or the non-Germans from the Germans. It was believed that the inferior race was contaminating the German gene pool. Social Darwinism is a term used to describe ideologies which compare Darwin’s ideas of evolution to social scienc... ...lf was an atheist, although Bergman cannot speak for a group of people who believed what Hitler said to be true. If Hitler was an atheist it further validates the point I am trying to make, Hitler indeed used Darwin’s ideas to justify his actions along with creationist ideas. Bergman unable to acknowledge the fact Hitler used manipulation and propaganda to encourage Nazism, was quick to attack the ideas of evolution. Now I shall ask, is it fair to say Hitler was a creationists because he used god in his speech, thus creationism is equivalent to Nazism? Better yet, if the Nazis did not believe in a god, would the holocaust have occurred? Now, do not be fooled by my last statement, I do not believe creationism is the cause of the holocaust. However, I am trying to prove that Bergman’s argument about Darwinism is just as foolish as my previous statement.

Dead Poets Society - The Message of the Dead Poets Essay -- Movie Film

Dead Poets Society - The Message of the Dead Poets    Teachers are wonderful heroes. In the movie, Dead Poets Society the teacher/hero is John Keating, played magnificently by Robin Williams. The film takes place at a small preparatory boys' school (Welton Academy) in the late 1950's. The story follows the lives of a group of students and the way that Mr. Keating's teachings influence them. He encourages the boys to become freethinkers and to live life for the moment. The message hallowed by Keating is one of mortality--do not waste your life, for you will get no other, and when you are "food for worms" will the world have been a better place because you were in it? This message is prevalent throughout the film. Keating brings to the abnormally strict classroom something that the timid boys have never seen, enthusiasm. On the first day of class, he tells his students to rip the boring and scientific-type preface from their books. The act in itself is one of defiance and is but one action that draws the boys to Keating. The friendly good nature of Keating leads ...

Leadership Style: Sam Palmisano, Former IBM Chief Operating Officer Essay

1.0 About Sam Palmisano He began his career with IBM in 1973 as a salesman in Baltimore Maryland, Since then, Palmisano has held a series of leadership positions during his IBM career, including senior vice president for the Enterprise Systems and Personal Systems groups. Mr. Palmisano also played a key role in creating and leading IBM’s Global Services, rising to senior vice president, and building the largest and most diversified information technology services organization in the industry. He also served as senior managing director of operations for IBM Japan. He became president and Chief Operating Officer (CEO) in 2000. Sam Palmisano is a graduate of The Johns Hopkins University. In recognition of his leadership role as co-chair of the Council on Competitiveness’ National Innovation Initiative, as well as his many business accomplishments, Palmisano was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2005. In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the London Business School. He has received a number of business awards including the Atlantic Council’s Distinguished Business Leadership Award in 2009 and the inaugural Deming Cup, presented in 2010 by the W. Edwards Deming Centre for Quality, Productivity and Competitiveness at Columbia Business School. He is also an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2.0 IBM company background As late as 1960 IBM was still primarily a punched-card machine supplier. It was not until 1962 that computer sales equaled those of its traditional punched-card products. But by the end of the decade, its punched-card machine sales were essentially vestigial. While IBM was making this transformation in its product line in the 1960s, it was also growing at the rapid rate of 15 to 20 percent a year and soon achieved a domination of the computer market that was historically unparalleled in any other major industry. IBM’s success was creating a difficult environment for its competitors. By 1960 the mainframe computer industry had already been whittled down to just IBM and seven others. Of all the mainframe suppliers, Sperry Rand had suffered the biggest reverse, consolidating a decline that had begun well before the launch of the 1401. Despite being the pioneer of the industry, it had never made a profit in computers and was gaining a reputation bordering on derision. For many years IBM’s domination of the computer industry was attributed to a variety of factors like managerial competence, technological excellence, formidable marketing organization, monopolistic, antitrust business practices and the leadership exerted by the Watsons. A key difference between IBM and its competitors persisted right into the computer age. Thus, when company used equipment from one of IBM’s office machine competitors, it was all too likely to acquire a problem rather than a solution. Often the computer and its software were no more than a set of tools with which to fashion a solution, instead of the solution itself. Only IBM guaranteed a complete solution to business problems, and an IBM salesman was all too likely to remind a data processing manager that no one ever got fired by hiring from IBM. This was a patronizing attitude that came close to condescension, and often resulted in a love-hate relationship between IBM and its customers. 3.0 What was Sam Palmisano trying to achieve with his style of leading? While there are many factors that drive a leader’s success, style plays a key role in effectiveness. No matter what style a leader embodies, they all provide value to the organization. From the case studies, we found that there are several factors that have made IBM’s grown successfully year by year under Palmisano style of leading. 1-Major player in the Industry. Palmisano is leading IBM back to greatness. He chose to shift IBM from being a company that produced commodities to one focused on services to clients. He wants to purchase computing power directly from provider that manages and distributes it. The company will no longer own and house its own computing system. To make this become a reality, IBM plans to manage and distribute computing power which includes more open source tools and different kinds of ownership. 2-Business efficiency. During Palmisano time as a CEO, he introduces a very brave idea which is to outsource IBM computer technology operation to India. Making India the nerve centre for servicing local markets through its global delivery network, Palmisano found an enviable head start in one of the fastest growing emerging markets. IBM wants to shift its focus from pure technology to embrace outsourcing and other services as part of the business model. 3-Create more participation from employee. Palmisano created teams of people from all levels in the company and put them in charge of operations, strategy and technology. He also asked the top management team to join him in coming up with an idea that would be the major breakthrough that IBM made when it developed its new business model. One of Palmisano action was that he abolishes the bureaucratic corporate executive committees that decide every strategic initiative in the company. He stresses that effective communication to be utilized in his team to ensure that there is healthy team dynamics within and without the team. To do this he organizes training or ‘simulation exercises’ among team members divided into sub-groups to stimulate healthy rivalry and for the purpose of team-building. He also delegate tasks to breed trust among team members by elaborating the project objectives so that each team member will be aware of what to do to achieve team goals with little or no interference. 4-Develop talent. In spite of the grand scale of Palmisano’s strategy, he kept his staff small, preferring to do without the executive assistant that other CEOs had employed. He surprised many in his company when he disbanded the 12-member Executive Management Committee on January 23, 2003. The committee had been in existence for 92 years and had served as a filter for high-level planning, but was much too slow for the new century. Palmisano replaced the committee with a new system of three teams, one focusing on operations, the second on strategy, and the third on technology. Palmisano ensure participation of all team members in formulation of strategic plan, ploy, action and style for the team. Strategic plan is what will act as guide for the operation of the team. He has shown that an effective team is artificially built and not naturally born. Instead of filling each team with top-level executives, he drew members from all divisions of the company and all levels of employment. One immediate effect of this restructuring was to draw a new generation of young men and women into the heart of IBM’s operations. He had been careful to groom a generation of leaders to follow his time and to create and develop their talent. 5-Create creativity. Palmisano planned to create a single integrated system of computers, software, and other electronic devices that would allow anyone to purchase any part of IBM’s services and use it with any other part. IBM created open-source software that altered a company’s need for servers dedicated to only one task. For example, a server dedicated to computing accounts might become overloaded, causing delays of hours or even days. IBM’s new software was designed to recognize when a server had reached its capacity and automatically redirect the excess work to other servers with available space. A key part of this strategy was that if the servers at the client’s company had no excess space, the overflow workload would be sent to IBM’s own computers, which would recognize any program that accessed them and silently perform the client’s work. Palmisano hoped to take this service to the next level, which would allow IBM’s computers to check the client’s computers for flaws automatically and fix them before anyone could notice them. 6-Develop direct rapport with customer. Palmisano was very good at engaging customers, because he has a reputation for making customers feel involved. He has a good understanding of IBM’s software, services and hardware business enabling faster responsiveness, creating better customer experiences, speeding office or mobile interactions, and dramatically reducing existing communications barriers. Palmisano announced his intention to make IBM a computer services-on-demand company. IBM would function like a utility, charging its customers for the use of data-centered web sites. IBM would create software capable of fixing clients’ software problems automatically online. The clients would pay only for the amount of services they used, in the same way they presently paid for utilities bills. Palmisano mounted his own personal campaign to make sure it was a success. He toured software companies and met designers to persuade them to devise new applications that would give it a competitive edge. When he became head of global services back in the ’90s, he blocked off 70% of his calendar for customer meetings, and he still speaks to at least one customer every single day. 4.0 Was it necessary to depart from the established way of doing things at IBM? Yes, it necessary for Sam Palmisano to shift from the established way to a new leadership style. The reason is simply because IBM has already been part of his life, so he wants to make sure that the company will prosper in the long run. Although IBM was stable at that time, Sam Palmisano believes that the traditional way was not enough to drive the company into more challenging business ahead. Furthermore, most of the top management including him will not around in few years and new successor should be discovered. Before the new leadership era, all the decisions tended to be made at the top, communicated downward and then implemented by the followers. Most of the time employees did not get change to involve in the decision making. Their responsibilities were just to execute all the decision instructed although they think it was not the most appropriate one. It was all about â€Å"one man show†. Immediately after in-charge, he delegated some of the decision making responsibilities downward. Sam Palmisano created teams made up of people from all levels in the company and put them in charge of operations, strategy and technology. He believes this teams that will drive and determine the destiny of IBM. This new leadership style will benefit the company in few ways. First, the company can get more brilliant ideas from the employees that cannot be seen by top management. It is important to gather as much as perspective possible because it would assist easier and better decision making. Indirectly, it will enhance creativity of the staffs which should not come for only an individual. Second, employees will be more motivated since they feel that all of their ideas are important and they can decide their own destiny. So, there will be no more bureaucratic corporate executive committee that decided almost everything previously. Then, IBM also can develop more new talent in the company that will guide the direction of the company in future which the old leadership way hardly to offer. Sam Palmisano believes that the best way in scouting good talent was by giving them some room to make own decision. All the success and mistakes will make them better and mature. Sam Palmisano also decided to shift from a centralized system to a decentralized system. His idea is that a company will no longer own and house its own computing system. It should include more open-source tools and different kind of ownership. His leadership created an outsourcing story in many places especially India. By making India the nerve centre servicing local markets through its global delivery network, it achieved the biggest ever non-linear growth. 5.0 Was it necessary for him to reach to the bottom of IBM? Definitely yes, because Sam Palmisano wants each teams from all levels in the company to take part to bring IBM back to greatness. This strategy has given each of them to participate directly or indirectly to revolutionize Big Blue to be a great company. It is important for him to understand the function of each level. With this understanding he can drive those departments to certain level which will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of each department. The advantages of this approach are to find a root cause of each problem. He can advise and manage his team how to overcome the problem very well so that they will able to manage it in the future. Sam Palmisano needs to delegate the responsibility to his top management. This style his top management will collaborate across organizational boundaries. He believes that more ideas would come out and shared rather than only top management decision if everyone participating. Sam Palmisano wants his subordinates to show their particip ant in decision making. He believes teams will be the engines of creativity. 6.0 Is this the case of a leader who is micro managing and interfering with operation? No, Sam Palmisano is not micro managing. Micro managing is â€Å"Closely observed or controls the work of an employee with less rooms for creativity, HRD, trust, responsibility and teamwork†. In this case, we can see that Sam Palmisano do questioned a lot deep into the organization. But his intention is to understand the situation better and not to decide on his own. He wants the top management involvement in contributing new idea in reshaping the IBM. It clearly shows that he need support and valued others opinion to make a better result in his decision making. It is a room of creativity in each decision he make to suit current situation. Once did says that â€Å"Two head is always better than one† For a classic example Orville and Wilbur Wright aka the Wright Brothers maybe cannot fly the first Flight in history if they did not joined their creative idea. Sam Palmisano also do rely in his executives to run IBM. He had abolish the Bureaucratic Corporate Executives Committee that held monthly meeting and overseas every strategic initiatives. It shows that Palmisano do want his executive to cooperate but not to details in making decision. Enough for them to understand the situation and control it. So it just make the decision more efficient and more fast at each level required. Palmisano had created a teams made up of people from all levels in the company and put them in charge in operations, strategy and technology. It shows that Palmisano really serious to make his subordinate to contribute their creativity and decision in each levels. He believes team will be the engine of creativity in IBM. This will definitely create efficiency and cut all the bureaucratic. It clearly exist from team work, responsibility, trust, human resource development and combined creativity. Palmisano strongly believes that creativity in large organization not coming from the celebrity CEO alone, it is from collaboration of team works. For instant the Toyota is strongly believes in their Toyota Production System (TPS) element, one of it is KAIZEN, a Continuous Improvement as our understanding. This Kaizen is happen in each level in Toyota. Where every each of their workers can contribute the continuous improvement in their process. Same goes to Palmisano where he try to create his team to go creative at each level in their own process and decision is more efficient without Bureaucratic Corporate Executives Committee interfere in their way. Another example GENBA in TPS is† Comedown to the location and understand the problem firsthand†. Genba encourage the management especially to understand the current situation at site or workplace. Not for them to jump to conclusion instead but for them to understand further about the situation or problem occur so that they can brainstorm to come out with brilliant idea. Same goes to Palmisano where he him selves go further in the organization to understand the situation first hand and then decide. Yet we never classify the Toyota Production System (TPS) as micro manage. So this strongly revealed that San Palmisano also is not micro managing IBM. 7.0 Conclusion Sam Palmisano had proved that he is an Effective Leaders where he successfully balances this three element of Mastery of Strategy, Ability to Execute Strategy and Develop Talent. With that element he had pulled back IBM back to greatness. With the clear vision Palmisano managed to turn IBM from a profit losing company to a middleware and enterprise software and solutions giant. He had turn the Autocratic way of leadership to Deligative type of leadership, where efficient is the key of success to the current demand market. There is no more Bureaucratic Executive committee involve in decision making. Thus he is not micromanaging his company but to understand it better and drive it back to success. For the past five years (2002-2011) Palmisano had become a great leader to IBM, he really shows high value (self-sacrifice) and high expectancy (self-confidence) in his organization. Before he retired he manages to portray a new vision â€Å"Smarter Planet† for IBM. He laid down what services and products would be needed; the company since then has built hundreds of reference customers around it. Despite of his greatness in portraying his vision to reality lie a true leader that manage to pull his downstream together to works towards the vision that they build together for the sake of IBM. He really shows a high structured and consideration in making IBM leading forward in their own field.

Energy Requirements In Post Combustion Environmental Sciences Essay

Recently on that point has been increased involvement in C gaining pull strings plans. thither argon a figure of agents act uponing this increased consciousness. There is increased credence that in-chief(postnominal) decreases in carbon dioxide emanations are required to forf stop over earnestly impacting the telluric clime, these decreases are supposed(prenominal) to be achieved by decreases in planetary zip request. Therefore capturing carbonic acid splatter ahead it enters the ambiance becomes a feasible survival of the fittest to cut agglomerate emanations. Post-combustion carbon dioxide gaining insure ( PCC ) plan is a promising applied science that has come acrossable to signifi female genitaliatly cut down carbon dioxide emanations from big point beginnings some(prenominal)(prenominal) as creator kit and caboodles. The chief prefer that position fervent gaining jibe technologys collect over other gaining control methods is that bing queen w hole kit and boodles cigarette be retrofitted with the engineering leting for a more immediate decrease in C emanations than is affirmable with the other possible engineerings. This is an of import conside ration as the regular(prenominal) lifetime of a burn blast position works is 25 middle-aged ages which delegacy that besides PCC can efficaciously turn to emanations from most of the universes presently runing indicator Stationss. However, PCC incurs melloweder animation penalisations than pre-combustion gaining control engineerings and because on that point are non sufficient fiscal and legislative penalisations for carbonic acid gas emanations PCC has yet to be demonstrate on a full have table footing and hence these get-up-and-go costs can merely be quantified on a theoretical footing. blacken holds the largest portion of worldwide electric fountain returnion by a coarse b severalise, accounting for 40 % of universe capability provide in 2008. With this figure merely expected to somewhat belittle to 37 % by 2035 1 . Because of coals laterality of the brawn production sector and the higher C emanations associated with the combustion of coal we will distil on the aptitude efficiencies associated with using PCC to these workss. raw coal engender outd strength workss cash in ones chips by using powdered coal. This coal is assorted with air and so fire in a boiler. The go generated is employ to turn a turbine generator and the suck burning torpedoes are released to the ambiance. These spatteres consist in the main of nitrogen plus H2O and carbon dioxide. additive merchandises, dep wipeouting on the staring(a)ness of the coal apply, can include sulphur dioxide and N oxides. A regular powdered coal bureau works emits about 743 g/kWhr of carbon dioxide 2 . As carbon dioxide typic every(prenominal)y merely accounts for 12.5-12.8 % of the good flue float volume the time interval of this from the other constit uents is non a simple undertaking and requires talent scuttlebutt to accomplish. borderline dexterity RequirementThe thermodynamic get down coiffure specific efficacy pack for carbonic acid gas gaining control is shown in Figure. If an mean nourishment gas mole fraction of 12 % is taken so we can clear that about 20 % extra animation is required in order to accomplish 100 % carbon dioxide breakup.Figure Minimum specific energy demand for separation as a part of submarine fraction in the provender gas for different fractional remotion ( T= 313 K ) 3 .In append to being separated from the remainder of the flue gases the carbonic acid gas besides needs to be compressed from atmospheric force per social social unit areas to force per unit areas of typically 15 MPa, which are more contributing for station burning storage or transit. The token(prenominal) energy demand in order to accomplish a crunch from 0.1MPa at a temperature of 313 K to 15 MPa is 0.068 kWh/kg CO2. Figure shows the minimal energy demand for separation both with and without compaction single- appraised function, presuming a gas mole fraction of 12 % . If we take the Siemens system for PCC as a criterion it removes 90 % of CO2 4 from the flue gases. This represents 0.114 kWh/kg CO2 theoretical glower limit energy demand.Figure Minimum specific energy demand for CO2 gaining control and compaction ( 12 % molar labial pipe gas concentration ) as a map of fractional CO2 remotion separation merely and separation with compaction to 15 MPa 3 .CO2 Absorption ProcessThere are a figure of different methods being create to divide CO2 from the other end product flue gases. Currently submergence procedures appear to be the taking engineering so they will be the focal point of this treatment.Figure shows a typical schematic for a station burning CO2 dipsomaniac up procedure. First, the fluke gases are passed through a nut case chest, which is required to cut down ammonium hydroxid e release in the absorber and diminish the volume of the flue gases. A raw sienna is so required to stock ticker the gas through the absorber which contains the chemical absorbents. The absorbent binge which now contains the chemically bound CO2 is pumped to the desorber via a lean-rich oestrus cash changer. The desorber regenerates the chemical absorbent by utilizing an improver in temperature ( 370-410 K ) and pressures between 1 and 2 bara. vex is besides supplied to the re-boiler to salve regeneration conditions for the chemical absorbent which means the procedure incurs an extra energy punishment as the light up is required for steam production which acts as a discovery agent to divide the CO2 from the chemical absorber. The steam is recovered and feed covert into the stripper bit the extremely pure CO2 gas ( & A gt 99 % pureness ) leaves the compressor. The absorber chemical, which has had the CO2 removed is fed back into the absorber 3 .Figure nonrepresent ational of typical station burning gaining control procedure 5 .Cl early this procedure involves a serious energy punishment as the extra procedures add much greater losingss to the system than the theoretical lower limit energy demands calculated earlier. carry over shows the important works cogency punishment which is the cost of the C gaining control procedure. This skill bead is due to increasing alternative ingestion per unit of electricity produced and rise to powers in get down H2O ingestion per unit of electricity produced. king works and gaining control system typeInternet works efficiency without CCSInternet works efficiency with CCSCCS Energy PenaltyAdditional energy input per net kWh end productDecrease in net kWh end product for a fixed energyinput.Existing subcritical individualised computer,post-combustiongaining control33 %23 %43 %30 %New supercritical person-to-person computer,post-combustiongaining control40 %31 %29 %23 %Table Valuess for cyberspace pul verized coal power works efficiencies with and without CCS 6 .This lessening in efficiency means that more fuel is required in order to bring forth the equal sum of electricity as sooner the PCC procedure was added. From Table it can be seen that bleaker, more efficient workss suffer lower energy punishments when PCC is applied. The bing subcritical powdered coal works a 43 % addition in energy input per kWh end product compared with 29 % for a new supercritical pulverised coal works. thermal energy demands are the most important factor in the increased energy demands and are the chief challenge confronting efforts to diminish these losingss.Thermal Energy RequirementsChemical soaking up is normally use in industry to take gases and drosss from high value merchandises like H or methane. The issue that arises in using this engineering to the power coevals sector is that it consequences in much bigger decreases in efficiencies. while taking H2S from H for illustration whitethorn merely take 2.5 % 2 of the energy content of the H, this loss is much larger in power coevals as antecedently shown.Binding Energy RequirementThe heat which is required to interrupt the bond between the CO2 and the absorbent is an of import factor to be taken into consideration. This can be trim back by the employment of aminoalkanes as they can possess a lower bond energy for CO2.Absorbent material screw up of soaking up ( GJ/ element 109s CO2 )MEA-H2O1.92DGA-H2O1.91DIPA-H2O1.67DEA-H2O1.63AMP-H2O1.52MIDEA-H2O1.34teatime -H2O1.08Water0.39Table Typical Heat of Absorption for Common Liquid Absorbents 7 .Table shows the values for heat of soaking up for the most normally used liquid absorbents. MEA-H2O possesses the highest value for adhering energy to the CO2. If this value could be reduce the sum of energy which would be required to divide the CO2 from the absorbent could be significantly decreased. approaching developments in chemical absorbents could see the launch of hy drogen carbonate formation, which has been shown to hold the net binding energy of any chemical absorbent 3 taking to important lessening in the energy punishments encountered by the system.Heating of Absorbent in DesorberThe energy consumed by the absorbent heating up in the stripper can be reduced by take downing the heat money changer access temperature and diminish the volume of dissolver flow through the desorber. This can be achieved through the usage of 2nd coevals sterically hindered aminoalkanes. This has possible to twinned the molar capacity of the absorbent. This could take to a bead in energy demand from 1.2 GJ/tonne CO2 to 0.8 GJ/tonne CO2 which represents two tierces of the first coevals demands. advance betterments in these countries could finally take to 0.08 GJ/tonne CO2 which is predicted for 4th coevals aminoalkanes and attack temperatures 3 .Reflux RatioDepriving steam in the desorber has to drudge the CO2 through the desorption procedure and supply th e heat demand of the overall desorber and releases this heat when condensed and this heat is lost in the chilling H2O. Typically the reflux ratio achieved, express as H2O/tonnes CO2, is 0.7. This can be improved through the usage of absorbents that posses a higher Carbon dioxide to H2O ratio at the desorber issue. With a 0.1 ratio seen as possible for 4th coevals absorbents. holy Thermal Energy Requirement ReductionsTable shows how these factors could diminish the caloric energy demand as new coevalss of chemical absorbents are introduced. Decreases in entire caloric energy demand of up to 80 % may be possible if these engineerings can be implemented. agency coevals StatusG1G2G3G4Binding Energy ( MJ/kmol CO2 )80705530Desorber attack temperature ( K )151053Solvent race ( m3/tonnes CO2 )201084Reflux Ratio( mensurable oodles H2O/tonnes CO2 )0.70.60.40.1Entire Thermal Energy Requirement ( GJ/tonnes CO2 )4.563.312.290.95Table Possible thermic energy demand betterments 3 .Power R equirementsPower is required to drive a figure of facets of the PCC procedure caramel power demand which is determined by the flow rate required and per centum remotion of CO2 sought.Liquid absorbent pump power. Affected by the degree of absorbent regeneration and other such procedures crushed leather power demands which depend on the CO2 belongingss and the degrees of compaction required.Current coevals power demand is 0.154 MWh/tonnes CO2 with the mentality for power economy outlined in Table.Procedure Generation StatusG1G2G3G4Entire Power ( MWh/tonnes CO2 )0.1540.1380.1220.105Table Possible power demand betterments 3 .DecisionWhile involvement and investment funds in research in the sphere of PCC has increased in recent propagation the procedure is still in the real early phases of development and at the gauzy the energy costs involved in using this engineering to char discharge power workss make it highly uneffective and economically impracticable. Table shows that in al l cases PCC can take to enormous lessenings in the sum of CO2 which emanating from coal open fire power workss. However, first coevals PCC engineerings go on to a 40 % lessening in the works efficiency ensuing in 65 % addition in coal ingestion to bring forth the comparable sum of electricity.PCC Generation StatusG1G2G3G4 force with no gaining control ( % )35414650CO2 dismission ( No gaining control )( metric unit tons CO2/MWh )0.9280.7920.7060.650Efficiency with 90 % gaining control ( % )21.231.639.745.8CO2 Emission ( with gaining control )( metric tons CO2/MWh )0.1530.1030.0820.071Increase in Coal usage due to detain ( % )6530169Table Overall mentality for PCC 3 .Because these engineerings are in the really early phases of developments there is a immense cuckold for efficiency betterments in both the thermic energy required and the power demands for the procedure. It is seen as an accomplishable end that as engineering is developed that PCC could ensue in every bit small as a 4.2 % lessening in overall works efficiency and a 9 % addition in coal ingestion.These decreases are of import to the future use of PCC engineering as if it is non economically feasible for the procedure to be used it will neer be adopted.